Staff profile

Richard joined the Department of Psychology at Durham University in 2017 and served as Head of Department until 2022. Prior to this he held positions as Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Sheffield, Head of the School of Psychology at the University of Kent, and Associate Dean for Research and Enterprise at the Aston Business School. 

Richard’s research covers the full range of topics that comprise social psychology, from stereotyping to social influence, from attitudes to attraction. He has made a particular contribution to intergroup relations research by proposing and developing the “imagined contact hypothesis”, the idea that mental simulation can promote change in social attitudes. More recently he proposed and developed the CPAG (Categorization-Processing-Adaptation-Generalisation) model of cognitive growth through diversity experience. This work has been published in over 150 academic papers, in journals such as American Psychologist, Psychological Bulletin and Science. 

As a passionate advocate for translational science, Richard has blogged for the New York based magazine Psychology Today and published a popular science book, The Social Brain: How Diversity Made The Modern Mind. He is Editor-in-Chief at the Journal of Applied Social Psychology and his books include the undergraduate textbook Essential Social Psychology (4th edition) and Social Psychology: A Very Short Introduction, part of the popular Oxford University Press series designed to introduce new subjects to the widest possible audience. 

Richard has written many articles on social and behavioural science for the trade, national and international press (e.g., The Guardian, Scientific American, THES, HR magazine, Vision Dubai, i-D magazine, and The Singapore Times). He regularly gives public lectures, and presentations to both public and private sector organisations, charities and governmental agencies.

Richard is committed to supporting and shaping the future of psychological science and has held roles as ESRC Main Panel GAP member, Deputy Chair of the British Psychological Society Research Board, and REF2021 Sub-Panel Member and Inter-disciplinary Advisor for UoA: 4 Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 

Richard is Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences, Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science, and Fellow of the British Psychological Society. He also is past winner of both the British Psychological Society Spearman Medal (for outstanding published work in psychology) and President’s Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychological Knowledge.

• 2014: Winner: British Psychological Society President’s Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychological Knowledge
• 2013: Winner: British Psychological Society Social Psychology Mid-Career Prize
• 2011: Winner: Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize
• 2006: Winner: British Psychological Society Spearman Medal

Chapter in book

• THE IMAGINED CONTACT HYPOTHESIS
  
  Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2012). THE IMAGINED CONTACT HYPOTHESIS. In J. Olson & M. Zanna (Eds.), ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, VOL 46 (pp. 125-182). ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-394281-4.00003-9
• Multiple social categorization
  
  Crisp, R. J., & Hewstone, M. (2007). Multiple social categorization. In M. Zanna (Ed.), ADANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, VOL 39 (pp. 163-254). ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601%2806%2939004-1

Edited book

• Social Psychology: Foundations, Advances and Applications
  
  Paolini, S., Turner, R. N., Vasiljevic, M., & Crisp, R. J. (Eds.). (2024). Social Psychology: Foundations, Advances and Applications. SAGE Publications Limited.

Journal Article

• Cognitive Liberalization Through a Different Lens: Intergroup Contact Attenuates the Relationship Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Intergroup Bias Across Three Intergroup Contexts
  
  Shulman, D., Crisp, R., Meleady, R., & Hodson, G. (in press). Cognitive Liberalization Through a Different Lens: Intergroup Contact Attenuates the Relationship Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Intergroup Bias Across Three Intergroup Contexts. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology.
• Fluctuations in Prejudice Do Not Track Fluctuations in Ordinary Contact in Three 5-Wave “Shortitudinal” Studies Examining Daily, Weekly, or Monthly Intervals
  
  Shulman, D., Meleady, R., Hodson, G., & Crisp, R. J. (2024). Fluctuations in Prejudice Do Not Track Fluctuations in Ordinary Contact in Three 5-Wave “Shortitudinal” Studies Examining Daily, Weekly, or Monthly Intervals. Social Psychological and Personality Science. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241284079
• Dispositional empathy and personality as predictors of contact quality: The mediating roles of contact self-efficacy and effort towards contact
  
  Birtel, M. D., Di Bernardo, G. A., Vezzali, L., Turner, R. N., Crisp, R. J., & Martin, R. (2024). Dispositional empathy and personality as predictors of contact quality: The mediating roles of contact self-efficacy and effort towards contact. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 102, Article 101986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.101986
• Let's stay close: An examination of the effects of imagined contact on behavior toward children with disability
  
  Cocco, V. M., Bisagno, E., Di Bernardo, G. A., Bicocchi, N., Calderara, S., Palazzi, A., Cucchiara, R., Zambonelli, F., Cadamuro, A., Stathi, S., Crisp, R., & Vezzali, L. (2023). Let’s stay close: An examination of the effects of imagined contact on behavior toward children with disability. Social Development, 32(3), 1042-1059. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12662
• Building bonds: A pre-registered secondary data analysis examining linear and curvilinear relations between socio-economic status and communal attitudes
  
  Weick, M., Couturier, L.-C., Vasiljevic, M., Ross, P., Cory, C., Crisp, R., Leite, A., Marcinko, A., Nguyen, T., & Van de Vyver, J. (2022). Building bonds: A pre-registered secondary data analysis examining linear and curvilinear relations between socio-economic status and communal attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 102, Article 104353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104353
• Perceptions of Emotional Functionality: Similarities and Differences Among Dignity, Face, and Honor Cultures
  
  Maitner, A., DeCoster, J., Andersson, P., Eriksson, K., Sherbaji, S., Giner-Sorolla, R., Mackie, D., Aveyard, M., Claypool, H., Crisp, R., Gritskov, V., Habjan, K., Hartanto, A., Kiyonari, T., Kuzminska, A., Manesi, A., Molho, C., Munasinghe, A., Peperkoorn, L., … Wu, J. (2022). Perceptions of Emotional Functionality: Similarities and Differences Among Dignity, Face, and Honor Cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53(3-4), 263-288. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221211065108
• Remembrance of Contact Past: When Intergroup Contact Metacognitions Decrease Outgroup Tolerance
  
  Drury, L., Birtel, M. D., Randsley de Moura, G., & Crisp, R. J. (2022). Remembrance of Contact Past: When Intergroup Contact Metacognitions Decrease Outgroup Tolerance. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 26(3), 652-668. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221079220
• Closing Comment: The Ever Increasing Importance of Applied Social Psychology
  
  Crisp, R. J. (2021). Closing Comment: The Ever Increasing Importance of Applied Social Psychology. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 51(12), 1194-1194. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12837
• 40 Years of Multiple Social Categorization: A Tool for Social Inclusivity
  
  Prati, F., Crisp, R. J., & Rubini, M. (2021). 40 Years of Multiple Social Categorization: A Tool for Social Inclusivity. European Review of Social Psychology, 32(1), 47-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1830612
• Don’t Hurt my Outgroup Friend: Imagined Contact Promotes Intentions to Counteract Bullying
  
  Vezzali, L., Birtel, M., Di Bernardoa, G., Stathi, S., Crisp, R., Cadamuroa, A., & Visintin, E. (2020). Don’t Hurt my Outgroup Friend: Imagined Contact Promotes Intentions to Counteract Bullying. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 23(5), 643-663. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219852404
• Intergroup Contact, Social Dominance and Environmental Concern: A Test of the Cognitive-Liberalization Hypothesis
  
  Meleady, R., Crisp, R., Dhont, K., & Hopthrow, T. (2020). Intergroup Contact, Social Dominance and Environmental Concern: A Test of the Cognitive-Liberalization Hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(6), 1146-1164. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000196
• Diversity May Help the Uninterested: Evidence that Exposure to Counter-stereotypes Promotes Cognitive Reflection for People Low (But not High) in Need for Cognition
  
  Damer, E., Webb, T. L., & Crisp, R. J. (2019). Diversity May Help the Uninterested: Evidence that Exposure to Counter-stereotypes Promotes Cognitive Reflection for People Low (But not High) in Need for Cognition. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 22(8), 1079-1093. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218811250
• On the Generalization of Intergroup Contact: A Taxonomy of Transfer Effects
  
  Meleady, R., Crisp, R., Hodson, G., & Earle, M. (2019). On the Generalization of Intergroup Contact: A Taxonomy of Transfer Effects. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(5), 430-435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419848682
• Imagining Contact Reduces Prejudice in Pre-School Children
  
  Birtel, M., Di Bernardo, A., Stathi, S., Crisp, R., Cadamuro, A., & Vezzali, L. (2019). Imagining Contact Reduces Prejudice in Pre-School Children. Social Development, 28(4), 1054-1073. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12374
• Dealing in Hope: Does Observing Hope Expressions Increase Conciliatory Attitudes in Intergroup Conflict?
  
  Cohen-Chen, S., van Kleef, G., Crisp, R., & Halperin, E. (2019). Dealing in Hope: Does Observing Hope Expressions Increase Conciliatory Attitudes in Intergroup Conflict?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 83, 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.04.002
• Intergroup Contact as an Agent of Cognitive Liberalization
  
  Hodson, G., Crisp, R., Meleady, R., & Earle, M. (2018). Intergroup Contact as an Agent of Cognitive Liberalization. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(5), 523-548. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617752324
• Leadership Diversity: Effects of Counterstereotypical Thinking on the Support for Women Leaders under Uncertainty
  
  Randsley de Moura, G., Leicht, C., Leite, A., Crisp, R., & Gocłowska, M. (2018). Leadership Diversity: Effects of Counterstereotypical Thinking on the Support for Women Leaders under Uncertainty. Journal of Social Issues, 74(1), 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12262
• Redefining climate change inaction as temporal intergroup bias: Temporally adapted interventions for reducing prejudice may help elicit environmental protection
  
  Meleady, R., & Crisp, R. (2017). Redefining climate change inaction as temporal intergroup bias: Temporally adapted interventions for reducing prejudice may help elicit environmental protection. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 53, 206-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.08.005
• Take it to the top: Imagined interactions with leaders elevates organizational identification
  
  Meleady, R., & Crisp, R. J. (2017). Take it to the top: Imagined interactions with leaders elevates organizational identification. Leadership Quarterly, 28(5), 621-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.01.008
• The role of multicultural and colorblind ideologies and typicality in imagined contact interventions
  
  Visintin, E. P., Birtel, M. D., & Crisp, R. J. (2017). The role of multicultural and colorblind ideologies and typicality in imagined contact interventions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 59, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.04.010
• A New Appraisal-Based Framework Underlying Hope in Conflict Resolution
  
  Cohen-Chen, S., Crisp, R. J., & Halperin, E. (2017). A New Appraisal-Based Framework Underlying Hope in Conflict Resolution. Emotion Review, 9(3), 208-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916670023
• Hope Comes in Many Forms: Out-Group Expressions of Hope Override Low Support and Promote Reconciliation in Conflicts
  
  Cohen-Chen, S., Crisp, R. J., & Halperin, E. (2016). Hope Comes in Many Forms: Out-Group Expressions of Hope Override Low Support and Promote Reconciliation in Conflicts. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(2), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616667612
• On the relationship between cultural diversity and creativity in education: The moderating role of communal versus divisional mindset.
  
  Vezzali, L., Goclowska, M. A., Crisp, R. J., & Stathi, S. (2016). On the relationship between cultural diversity and creativity in education: The moderating role of communal versus divisional mindset. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 21, 152-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2016.07.001
• Encouraging majority support for immigrant access to health services: Multiple categorization and social identity complexity as antecedents of health equality
  
  Prati, F., Crisp, R. J., Pratto, F., & Rubini, M. (2016). Encouraging majority support for immigrant access to health services: Multiple categorization and social identity complexity as antecedents of health equality. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 19(4, SI), 426-438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216629814
• Humanizing Outgroups Through Multiple Categorization: The Roles of Individuation and Threat
  
  Prati, F., Crisp, R. J., Meleady, R., & Rubini, M. (2016). Humanizing Outgroups Through Multiple Categorization: The Roles of Individuation and Threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(4), 526-539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216636624
• Women's adaptation to STEM domains promotes resilience and a lesser reliance on heuristic thinking.
  
  Di Bella, L., & Crisp, R. J. (2016). Women’s adaptation to STEM domains promotes resilience and a lesser reliance on heuristic thinking. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 19(2), 184-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215596074
• Psychotherapy and Social Change: Utilizing Principles of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Help Develop New Prejudice-Reduction Interventions
  
  Birtel, M. D., & Crisp, R. J. (2015). Psychotherapy and Social Change: Utilizing Principles of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Help Develop New Prejudice-Reduction Interventions. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 1771. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01771
• Comparing direct and imagined intergroup contact among children: Effects on outgroup stereotypes and helping intentions
  
  Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., Crisp, R. J., & Capozza, D. (2015). Comparing direct and imagined intergroup contact among children: Effects on outgroup stereotypes and helping intentions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 49, 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.06.009
• Some extended psychological benefits of challenging social stereotypes: Decreased dehumanization and a reduced reliance on heuristic thinking.
  
  Prati, F., Vasiljevic, M., Crisp, R., & Rubini, M. (2015). Some extended psychological benefits of challenging social stereotypes: Decreased dehumanization and a reduced reliance on heuristic thinking. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 18(6), 801-816. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430214567762
• Counter-stereotypes reduce emotional intergroup bias by eliciting surprise in the face of unexpected category combinations
  
  Prati, F., Crisp, R. J., & Rubini, M. (2015). Counter-stereotypes reduce emotional intergroup bias by eliciting surprise in the face of unexpected category combinations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.06.004
• Perceptions of a Changing World Induce Hope and Promote Peace in Intractable Conflicts
  
  Cohen-Chen, S., Crisp, R. J., & Halperin, E. (2015). Perceptions of a Changing World Induce Hope and Promote Peace in Intractable Conflicts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(4), 498-512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215573210
• Imagined intergroup contact facilitates intercultural communication for college students on academic exchange programs.
  
  Vezzali, L., Crisp, R. J., Stathi, S., & Giovannini, D. (2015). Imagined intergroup contact facilitates intercultural communication for college students on academic exchange programs. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 18(1), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430214527853
• Perspective-taking mediates the imagined contact effect.
  
  Husnu, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2015). Perspective-taking mediates the imagined contact effect. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 44, 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.11.005
• Imagined Intergroup Contact and Common Ingroup Identity An Integrative Approach
  
  Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., Crisp, R. J., Giovannini, D., Capozza, D., & Gaertner, S. L. (2015). Imagined Intergroup Contact and Common Ingroup Identity An Integrative Approach. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 46(5), 265-276. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000242
• Imagining oneself in a stereotyped role may stifle generalized tendencies to support social change
  
  Di Bella, L., & Crisp, R. J. (2015). Imagining oneself in a stereotyped role may stifle generalized tendencies to support social change. Social Influence, 10(3), 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2015.1030446
• Evidence That a Brief Meditation Exercise Can Reduce Prejudice Toward Homeless People.
  
  Parks, S., Birtel, M. D., & Crisp, R. J. (2014). Evidence That a Brief Meditation Exercise Can Reduce Prejudice Toward Homeless People. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 45(6), 458-465. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000212
• Contesting gender stereotypes stimulates generalized fairness in the selection of leaders.
  
  Leicht, C., de Moura, G. R., & Crisp, R. J. (2014). Contesting gender stereotypes stimulates generalized fairness in the selection of leaders. Leadership Quarterly, 25(5), 1025-1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.05.001
• Systematic revisions to inherent notions may shape improvements in cognitive infrastructure
  
  Meleady, R., & Crisp, R. J. (2014). Systematic revisions to inherent notions may shape improvements in cognitive infrastructure. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(5), 495-496. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13003804
• How Dual-Identity Processes Foster Creativity
  
  Goclowska, M. A., & Crisp, R. J. (2014). How Dual-Identity Processes Foster Creativity. Review of General Psychology, 18(3), 216-236. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000008
• Whether Social Schema Violations Help or Hurt Creativity Depends on Need for Structure.
  
  Goclowska, M. A., Baas, M., Crisp, R. J., & De Dreu, C. K. (2014). Whether Social Schema Violations Help or Hurt Creativity Depends on Need for Structure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(8), 959-971. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214533132
• Reducing Prejudice Through Mental Imagery: Notes on Replication, Interpretation, and Generalization.
  
  Crisp, R. J., & Birtel, M. D. (2014). Reducing Prejudice Through Mental Imagery: Notes on Replication, Interpretation, and Generalization. Psychological Science, 25(3), 840-841. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613520169
• Support for the Replicability of Imagined Contact Effects.
  
  Crisp, R. J., Miles, E., & Husnu, S. (2014). Support for the Replicability of Imagined Contact Effects. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 45(4), 303-304. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000202
• Hope in the Middle East: Malleability Beliefs, Hope, and the Willingness to Compromise for Peace.
  
  Cohen-Chen, S., Halperin, E., Crisp, R. J., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Hope in the Middle East: Malleability Beliefs, Hope, and the Willingness to Compromise for Peace. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613484499
• A meta-analytic test of the imagined contact hypothesis.
  
  Miles, E., & Crisp, R. J. (2014). A meta-analytic test of the imagined contact hypothesis. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 17(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430213510573
• Diversity Policy, Social Dominance, and Intergroup Relations: Predicting Prejudice in Changing Social and Political Contexts
  
  Guimond, S., Crisp, R. J., De Oliveira, P., Kamiejski, R., Kteily, N., Kuepper, B., Lalonde, R. N., Levin, S., Pratto, F., Tougas, F., Sidanius, J., & Zick, A. (2013). Diversity Policy, Social Dominance, and Intergroup Relations: Predicting Prejudice in Changing Social and Political Contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 941-958. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032069
• Simulating Social Dilemmas: Promoting Cooperative Behavior Through Imagined Group Discussion
  
  Meleady, R., Hopthrow, T., & Crisp, R. J. (2013). Simulating Social Dilemmas: Promoting Cooperative Behavior Through Imagined Group Discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(5), 839-853. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031233
• On counter-stereotypes and creative cognition: When interventions for reducing prejudice can boost divergent thinking.
  
  Goclowska, M. A., & Crisp, R. J. (2013). On counter-stereotypes and creative cognition: When interventions for reducing prejudice can boost divergent thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 8, 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2012.07.001
• Tolerance by Surprise: Evidence for a Generalized Reduction in Prejudice and Increased Egalitarianism through Novel Category Combination
  
  Vasiljevic, M., & Crisp, R. (2013). Tolerance by Surprise: Evidence for a Generalized Reduction in Prejudice and Increased Egalitarianism through Novel Category Combination. PLoS ONE, 8(3), Article e57106. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057106
• Can counter-stereotypes boost flexible thinking?
  
  Goclowska, M. A., Crisp, R. J., & Labuschagne, K. (2013). Can counter-stereotypes boost flexible thinking?. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 16(2), 217-231. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212445076
• Need for Structure Predicts Leadership Preference.
  
  Leicht, C., Crisp, R. J., & de Moura, G. R. (2013). Need for Structure Predicts Leadership Preference. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 17(1), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031476
• The Group Discussion Effect: Integrative Processes and Suggestions for Implementation
  
  Meleady, R., Hopthrow, T., & Crisp, R. J. (2013). The Group Discussion Effect: Integrative Processes and Suggestions for Implementation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(1), 56-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868312456744
• On the evolutionary origins of revenge and forgiveness: A converging systems hypothesis
  
  Crisp, R. J., & Meleady, R. (2013). On the evolutionary origins of revenge and forgiveness: A converging systems hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(1), 19-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12000362
• Linguistic Description Moderates the Evaluations of Counterstereotypical People
  
  Rubin, M., Paolini, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2013). Linguistic Description Moderates the Evaluations of Counterstereotypical People. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 44(4), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000114
• Promoting Intergroup Contact by Changing Beliefs: Group Malleability, Intergroup Anxiety, and Contact Motivation
  
  Halperin, E., Crisp, R. J., Husnu, S., Trzesniewski, K. H., Dweck, C. S., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Promoting Intergroup Contact by Changing Beliefs: Group Malleability, Intergroup Anxiety, and Contact Motivation. Emotion, 12(6), 1192-1195. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028620
• Imagining intergroup contact is more cognitively difficult for people higher in intergroup anxiety but this does not detract from its effectiveness
  
  Birtel, M. D., & Crisp, R. J. (2012). Imagining intergroup contact is more cognitively difficult for people higher in intergroup anxiety but this does not detract from its effectiveness. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS, 15(6), 744-761. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212443867
• “Treating” Prejudice: An Exposure-Therapy Approach to Reducing Negative Reactions Toward Stigmatized Groups.
  
  Birtel, M. D., & Crisp, R. J. (2012). “Treating” Prejudice: An Exposure-Therapy Approach to Reducing Negative Reactions Toward Stigmatized Groups. Psychological Science, 23(11), 1379-1386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612443838
• Attachment anxiety and friendship group identification under attachment threat: the moderating role of priming support network expectations
  
  Rosenthal, H., Walsh, J., Crisp, R., Farrow, C., Waugh, M., Blissett, J., & Millings, A. (2012). Attachment anxiety and friendship group identification under attachment threat: the moderating role of priming support network expectations. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 562-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.035
• Leadership under uncertainty: When leaders who are non-prototypical group members can gain support
  
  Rast, D. E., Gaffney, A. M., Hogg, M. A., & Crisp, R. J. (2012). Leadership under uncertainty: When leaders who are non-prototypical group members can gain support. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 646-653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.013
• Adapting to a Multicultural Future
  
  Crisp, R. J., & Meleady, R. (2012). Adapting to a Multicultural Future. Science, 336(6083), 853-855. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1219009
• Imagining Intergroup Contact Can Combat Mental Health Stigma by Reducing Anxiety, Avoidance and Negative Stereotyping
  
  Stathi, S., Tsantila, K., & Crisp, R. J. (2012). Imagining Intergroup Contact Can Combat Mental Health Stigma by Reducing Anxiety, Avoidance and Negative Stereotyping. Journal of Social Psychology, 152(6), 746-757. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2012.697080
• Imagining Intergroup Contact Enables Member-to-Group Generalization
  
  Stathi, S., Crisp, R. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2011). Imagining Intergroup Contact Enables Member-to-Group Generalization. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 15(3), 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023752
• Mental Simulations of Social Thought and Action: Trivial Tasks or Tools for Transforming Social Policy?
  
  Crisp, R. J., Birtel, M. D., & Meleady, R. (2011). Mental Simulations of Social Thought and Action: Trivial Tasks or Tools for Transforming Social Policy?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 261-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411413762
• Attributional processes underlying imagined contact effects
  
  Crisp, R. J., & Husnu, S. (2011). Attributional processes underlying imagined contact effects. GROUP PROCESSES \& INTERGROUP RELATIONS, 14(2), 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210390721
• Cognitive Adaptation to the Experience of Social and Cultural Diversity
  
  Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2011). Cognitive Adaptation to the Experience of Social and Cultural Diversity. Psychological Bulletin, 137(2), 242-266. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021840
• Enhancing the Imagined Contact Effect
  
  Husnu, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2011). Enhancing the Imagined Contact Effect. Journal of Social Psychology, 151(1), 113-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224541003599043
• Perceptions of Gender Group Variability in Majority and Minority Contexts Two Field Studies with Nurses and Police Officers
  
  Hewstone, M., Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2011). Perceptions of Gender Group Variability in Majority and Minority Contexts Two Field Studies with Nurses and Police Officers. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 42(2), 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000056
• The relationship between the need for closure and deviant bias: An investigation of generality and process
  
  Rubin, M., Paolini, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2011). The relationship between the need for closure and deviant bias: An investigation of generality and process. International Journal of Psychology, 46(3), Article PII 931812053. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2010.537660
• Elaboration enhances the imagined contact effect
  
  Husnu, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). Elaboration enhances the imagined contact effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 943-950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.014
• Intergroup contact and the projection of positivity
  
  Stathi, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). Intergroup contact and the projection of positivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(6), 580-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.04.002
• Predictors of ingroup projection: The roles of superordinate category coherence and complexity
  
  Peker, M., Crisp, R. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2010). Predictors of ingroup projection: The roles of superordinate category coherence and complexity. GROUP PROCESSES \& INTERGROUP RELATIONS, 13(4), 525-542. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209360205
• Explaining the relationship between ingroup identification and intergroup bias following recategorization: A self-regulation theory analysis
  
  Turner, R. N., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). Explaining the relationship between ingroup identification and intergroup bias following recategorization: A self-regulation theory analysis. GROUP PROCESSES \& INTERGROUP RELATIONS, 13(2, SI), 251-261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209351702
• Common Ingroups and Complex Identities: Routes to Reducing Bias in Multiple Category Contexts
  
  Crisp, R. J., Turner, R. N., & Hewstone, M. (2010). Common Ingroups and Complex Identities: Routes to Reducing Bias in Multiple Category Contexts. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14(1), 32-46. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017303
• Identity salience moderates processing of group-relevant information
  
  Maitner, A. T., Mackie, D. M., Claypool, H. M., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). Identity salience moderates processing of group-relevant information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(2), 441-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.010
• Imagining intergroup contact reduces implicit prejudice
  
  Turner, R. N., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). Imagining intergroup contact reduces implicit prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(1), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466609x419901
• A processing fluency explanation of bias against migrants
  
  Rubin, M., Paolini, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). A processing fluency explanation of bias against migrants. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.006
• From imagery to intention: A dual route model of imagined contact effects
  
  Crisp, R. J., Husnu, S., Meleady, R., Stathi, S., & Turner, R. N. (2010). From imagery to intention: A dual route model of imagined contact effects. European Review of Social Psychology, 21, 188-236. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2010.543312
• Self-Activation and Out-Group Contrast
  
  Hall, N. R., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). Self-Activation and Out-Group Contrast. Journal of Social Psychology, 150(5), 423-427.
• Have Confidence in Contact
  
  Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2010). Have Confidence in Contact. American Psychologist, 65(2), 133-135. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018437
• The Dynamics of Category Conjunctions
  
  Hutter, R. R., Crisp, R. J., Humphreys, G. W., Waters, G. M., & Moffitt, G. (2009). The Dynamics of Category Conjunctions. GROUP PROCESSES \& INTERGROUP RELATIONS, 12(5), 673-686. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209337471
• Reducing Implicit Prejudice by Blurring Intergroup Boundaries
  
  Hall, N. R., Crisp, R. J., & Suen, M.- woei. (2009). Reducing Implicit Prejudice by Blurring Intergroup Boundaries. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 31(3), 244-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530903058474
• Accountability moderates member-to-group generalization: Testing a dual process model of stereotype change
  
  Paolini, S., Crisp, R. J., & McIntyre, K. (2009). Accountability moderates member-to-group generalization: Testing a dual process model of stereotype change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 676-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.005
• When mere exposure leads to less liking: The incremental threat effect in intergroup contexts
  
  Crisp, R. J., Hutter, R. R., & Young, B. (2009). When mere exposure leads to less liking: The incremental threat effect in intergroup contexts. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712608x318635
• Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions?: Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact.
  
  Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2009). Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions?: Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. American Psychologist, 64(4), 231-240. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014718
• Dynamics of social comparison in counter-stereotypic domains: Stereotype boost, not stereotype threat, for women engineering majors
  
  Crisp, R. J., Bache, L. M., & Maitner, A. T. (2009). Dynamics of social comparison in counter-stereotypic domains: Stereotype boost, not stereotype threat, for women engineering majors. Social Influence, 4(3), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510802607953
• Interpersonal attachment predicts identification with groups
  
  Crisp, R., Farrow, C., Rosenthal, H., Walsh, J., Blissett, J., & Penn, N. M. (2009). Interpersonal attachment predicts identification with groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(1), 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.006
• Threat Inoculation: Experienced and Imagined Intergenerational Contact Prevents Stereotype Threat Effects on Older People's Math Performance
  
  Abrams, D., Crisp, R. J., Marques, S., Fagg, E., Bedford, L., & Provias, D. (2008). Threat Inoculation: Experienced and Imagined Intergenerational Contact Prevents Stereotype Threat Effects on Older People’s Math Performance. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 934-939. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014293
• Imagining intergroup contact promotes projection to outgroups
  
  Stathi, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2008). Imagining intergroup contact promotes projection to outgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 943-957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.02.003
• Majority, minority, and parity: Effects of gender and group size on perceived group variability
  
  Voci, A., Hewstone, M., Crisp, R. J., & Rubin, M. (2008). Majority, minority, and parity: Effects of gender and group size on perceived group variability. Social Psychology Quarterly, 71(2), 114-142.
• Reduced Constituent Category Application in Surprising Combinations
  
  Hutter, R. R., & Crisp, R. J. (2008). Reduced Constituent Category Application in Surprising Combinations. Journal of Social Psychology, 148(2), 247-251. https://doi.org/10.3200/socp.148.2.247-252
• Assimilation and contrast to group primes: The moderating role of ingroup identification
  
  Hall, N. R., & Crisp, R. J. (2008). Assimilation and contrast to group primes: The moderating role of ingroup identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(2), 344-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.007
• Improving intergroup attitudes and reducing stereotype threat: An integrated contact model
  
  Crisp, R. J., & Abrams, D. (2008). Improving intergroup attitudes and reducing stereotype threat: An integrated contact model. European Review of Social Psychology, 19, 242-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280802547171
• Imagining intergroup contact can improve intergroup attitudes
  
  Turner, R. N., Crisp, R. J., & Lambert, E. (2007). Imagining intergroup contact can improve intergroup attitudes. GROUP PROCESSES \& INTERGROUP RELATIONS, 10(4), 427-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207081533
• Superordinate and subgroup identification as predictors of intergroup evaluation in common ingroup contexts
  
  Stone, C. H., & Crisp, R. J. (2007). Superordinate and subgroup identification as predictors of intergroup evaluation in common ingroup contexts. GROUP PROCESSES \& INTERGROUP RELATIONS, 10(4), 493-513. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207081537
• Choking under pressure: When an additional positive stereotype affects performance for domain identified male mathematics students
  
  Rosenthal, H., & Crisp, R. (2007). Choking under pressure: When an additional positive stereotype affects performance for domain identified male mathematics students. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 22(3), 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03173429
• Improving performance expectancies in stereotypic domains: Task relevance and the reduction of stereotype threat
  
  Rosenthal, H., Crisp, R., & Suen, M.-W. (2007). Improving performance expectancies in stereotypic domains: Task relevance and the reduction of stereotype threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(3), 586-597. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.379
• Seeing red or feeling blue: Differentiated intergroup emotions and ingroup identification in soccer fans
  
  Crisp, R. J., Heuston, S., Farr, M. J., & Turner, R. N. (2007). Seeing red or feeling blue: Differentiated intergroup emotions and ingroup identification in soccer fans. GROUP PROCESSES \& INTERGROUP RELATIONS, 10(1), 9-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207071337
• Tokens in the tower: Perceptual processes and interaction dynamics in academic settings with `Skewed', `Tilted' and `Balanced' sex ratios
  
  Hewstone, M., Crisp, R. J., Contarello, A., Voci, A., Conway, L., Marletta, G., & Willis, H. (2006). Tokens in the tower: Perceptual processes and interaction dynamics in academic settings with `Skewed’, `Tilted’ and `Balanced’ sex ratios. GROUP PROCESSES \& INTERGROUP RELATIONS, 9(4), 509-532. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430206067558
• Crossed categorization in common ingroup contexts
  
  Crisp, R. J., Walsh, J., & Hewstone, M. (2006). Crossed categorization in common ingroup contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(9), 1204-1218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206289409
• Reducing stereotype threat by blurring intergroup boundaries
  
  Rosenthal, H., & Crisp, R. (2006). Reducing stereotype threat by blurring intergroup boundaries. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(4), 501-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205281009
• Implications of cognitive busyness for the perception of category conjunctions
  
  Hutter, R., & Crisp, R. (2006). Implications of cognitive busyness for the perception of category conjunctions. Journal of Social Psychology, 146(2), 253-256. https://doi.org/10.3200/socp.146.2.253-256
• Recategorization and subgroup identification: Predicting and preventing threats from common ingroups
  
  Crisp, R., Stone, C., & Hall, N. (2006). Recategorization and subgroup identification: Predicting and preventing threats from common ingroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 230-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205280908
• Social comparison, self-stereotyping, and gender differences in self-construals
  
  Guimond, S., Chatard, A., Martinot, D., Crisp, R., & Redersdorff, S. (2006). Social comparison, self-stereotyping, and gender differences in self-construals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 221-242. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.221
• Considering multiple criteria for social categorization can reduce intergroup bias
  
  Hall, N., & Crisp, R. (2005). Considering multiple criteria for social categorization can reduce intergroup bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1435-1444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205276084
• The composition of category conjunctions
  
  Hutter, R., & Crisp, R. (2005). The composition of category conjunctions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(5), 647-657. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271575
• Reducing intergroup bias: The moderating role of ingroup identification
  
  Crisp, R., & Beck, S. (2005). Reducing intergroup bias: The moderating role of ingroup identification. GROUP PROCESSES \& INTERGROUP RELATIONS, 8(2), 173-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430205051066
• Measuring social identity in the professional context of provision for pupils with special needs
  
  Lewis, A., & Crisp, R. (2004). Measuring social identity in the professional context of provision for pupils with special needs. School Psychology International, 25(4), 404-421. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034304048776
• Cognitive busyness and the processing of evaluative information in intergroup contexts
  
  Crisp, R., Perks, N., Stone, C., & Farr, M. (2004). Cognitive busyness and the processing of evaluative information in intergroup contexts. Journal of Social Psychology, 144(5), 541-544. https://doi.org/10.3200/socp.144.5.541-544
• Disconfirming intergroup evaluations: Asymmetric effects for in-groups and out-groups
  
  Crisp, R., & Nicel, J. (2004). Disconfirming intergroup evaluations: Asymmetric effects for in-groups and out-groups. Journal of Social Psychology, 144(3), 247-271. https://doi.org/10.3200/socp.144.3.247-271
• Inclusiveness and crossed categorization: Effects on co-joined category evaluations of in-group and out-group primes
  
  Crisp, R., Hewstone, M., Richards, Z., & Paolini, S. (2003). Inclusiveness and crossed categorization: Effects on co-joined category evaluations of in-group and out-group primes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466603763276108
• Social categorisation - Blurring the boundaries
  
  Crisp, R. (2002). Social categorisation - Blurring the boundaries. The Psychologist., 15(12), 612-615.
• Multiple identities in Northern Ireland: Hierarchical ordering in the representation of group membership
  
  Crisp, R., Hewstone, M., & Cairns, E. (2001). Multiple identities in Northern Ireland: Hierarchical ordering in the representation of group membership. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164948
• Multiple categorization and implicit intergroup bias: differential category dominance and the positive-negative asymmetry effect
  
  Crisp, R., & Hewstone, M. (2001). Multiple categorization and implicit intergroup bias: differential category dominance and the positive-negative asymmetry effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.31
• Does multiple categorization reduce intergroup bias?
  
  Crisp, R., Hewstone, M., & Rubin, M. (2001). Does multiple categorization reduce intergroup bias?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(1), 76-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201271007
• Crossed categorization and intergroup bias: The moderating roles of intergroup and affective context
  
  Crisp, R., & Hewstone, M. (2000). Crossed categorization and intergroup bias: The moderating roles of intergroup and affective context. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36(4), 357-383. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1408
• Subcategorization of physical stimuli: category differentiation and decategorization processes
  
  Crisp, R., & Hewstone, M. (1999). Subcategorization of physical stimuli: category differentiation and decategorization processes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(5-6), 665-671. https://doi.org/10.1002/%28sici%291099-0992%28199908/09%2929%3A5/6%3C665%3A%3Aaid-ejsp954%3E3.0.co%3B2-w