Staff profile

Within the broad area of neuroscience my work centres on the mammalian muscle spindle, a mechanoreceptor that occurs in voluntary muscles and responds to length and changing length of the muscles, providing information to the central nervous system for use in controlling muscle activity. Knowledge of its structure and function is important at various levels ranging from the molecular biology of ion channels to the nature of control systems, and in various fields from basic physiology to clinical applications such as nerve repair and rehabilitation. I am currently collaborating with Dr. M. Hulliger of Calgary on the consequences of a pyridoxine-induced large-fibre sensory neuropathy on the sensory innervation of muscle and motor control; and with Dr. Guy Bewick of Aberdeen on the role of synaptic-like vesicles in the sensory endings of mechanoreceptors.

• neurobiology
• structure and function of sensory receptors in muscle

Chapter in book

• Muscle Spindles and Tendon Organs ☆
  
  Banks, R. (2018). Muscle Spindles and Tendon Organs ☆. In Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences (pp. 1-10). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.99489-3
• Muscle Spindles and Tendon Organs
  
  Banks, R. (2016). Muscle Spindles and Tendon Organs. In Reference Moduke in Biomedical Sciences (pp. 1-10). Elsevier.
• Skeletal Muscle.
  
  Banks, R. (2014). Skeletal Muscle. In M. Caplan (Ed.), Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences.. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.00252-x
• The muscle spindle
  
  Banks, R. (2005). The muscle spindle. In P. Dyck & P. Thomas (Eds.), Peripheral Neuropathy (4th ed., pp. 131-150). Elsevier Saunders.
• The muscle spindle.
  
  Banks, R., & Barker, D. (2004). The muscle spindle. In A. Engel & C. Franzini-Armstrong (Eds.), Myology (3rd ed., pp. 489-509). McGraw-Hill.
• Evidence for activity-dependent modulation of sensory-terminal excitability in spindles by glutamate release from synaptic-like vesicles
  
  Banks, R., Bewick, G., Reid, B., & Richardson, C. (2002). Evidence for activity-dependent modulation of sensory-terminal excitability in spindles by glutamate release from synaptic-like vesicles. In S. Gandevia, U. Proske, & D. Stuart (Eds.), Sensorimotor control of movement and posture. (2002nd ed., pp. 13-18). Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0713-0_2
• Cytological staining methods.
  
  Banks, R. (1999). Cytological staining methods. In U. Windhorst & H. Johansson (Eds.), Modern techniques in neuroscience research (pp. 1-26). Springer Verlag.
• Histological staining methods.
  
  Banks, R. (1999). Histological staining methods. In U. Windhorst & H. Johansson (Eds.), Modern techniques in neuroscience research (pp. 437-458). Springer Verlag.
• Evidence for static gamma innervation of long chain fibres.
  
  Banks, R., Emonet-Denand, F., Gladden, M., & Sutherland, F. (1995). Evidence for static gamma innervation of long chain fibres. In A. Taylor, M. Gladden, & R. Durbaba (Eds.), Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems (pp. 216-218). Plenum Press.
• The sensory and motor innervation of the abductor digiti quinti medius muscle of the cat.
  
  Banks, R., Gladden, M., Sutherland, F., & Yoshimura, A. (1995). The sensory and motor innervation of the abductor digiti quinti medius muscle of the cat. In A. Taylor, M. Gladden, & R. Durbaba (Eds.), Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems (pp. 213-215). Plenum Press.
• Modelling of chaotic and regular Ia afferent discharge during fusimotor stimulation.
  
  Scheepstra, K., Otten, E., Hulliger, M., & Banks, R. (1995). Modelling of chaotic and regular Ia afferent discharge during fusimotor stimulation. In A. Taylor, M. Gladden, & R. Durbaba (Eds.), Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems (pp. 325-327). Plenum Press.
• The innervation of muscle spindles in an intrinsic muscle of the hind foot: the superficial lumbrical of the cat.
  
  Banks, R., Emonet-Denand, F., Stacey, M., & Thiesson, D. (1995). The innervation of muscle spindles in an intrinsic muscle of the hind foot: the superficial lumbrical of the cat. In A. Taylor, M. Gladden, & R. Durbaba (Eds.), Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems (pp. 210-212). Plenum Press.
• The exceptional structure of muscle spindles in superficial lumbrical muscles of the cat hind limb.
  
  Banks, R., Decorte, L., Emonet-Denand, F., Gladden, M., & Sutherland, F. (1995). The exceptional structure of muscle spindles in superficial lumbrical muscles of the cat hind limb. In A. Taylor, M. Gladden, & R. Durbaba (Eds.), Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems (pp. 208-209). Plenum Press.
• Pacemaker competition and the role of preterminal-branch tree architecture: a combined morphological, physiological and modelling study.
  
  Banks, R., Hulliger, M., Scheepstra, K., & Otten, E. (1995). Pacemaker competition and the role of preterminal-branch tree architecture: a combined morphological, physiological and modelling study. In A. Taylor, M. Gladden, & R. Durbaba (Eds.), Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems (pp. 255-260). Plenum Press.
• The muscle spindle.
  
  Barker, D., & Banks, R. (1994). The muscle spindle. In A. Engel & C. Franzini-Armstrong (Eds.), Myology (2nd ed., pp. 333-360). McGraw-Hill.
• Studies on the motor innervation of the cat's muscle spindle.
  
  Banks, R. (1992). Studies on the motor innervation of the cat’s muscle spindle. In L. Jami, E. Pierrot-Deseilligny, & D. Zytnicki (Eds.), Muscle afferents and spinal control of movement (pp. 31-36). Pergamon Press.
• Neuronal specificites in the reinnervation of muscle spindles.
  
  Banks, R., & Barker, D. (1991). Neuronal specificites in the reinnervation of muscle spindles. In A. Wernig (Ed.), Plasticity of Motoneuronal Connections (pp. 241-249). Elsevier.
• Quantitative studies on mammalian muscle spindles and their sensory innervation.
  
  Banks, R., & Stacey, M. (1988). Quantitative studies on mammalian muscle spindles and their sensory innervation. In P. Hnik, T. Soukup, R. Vejsada, & J. Zelena (Eds.), Mechanoreceptors - Development, Structure and Function. (pp. 263-269). Plenum Press.
• The muscle spindle.
  
  Barker, D., & Banks, R. (1986). The muscle spindle. In A. Engel & B. Banker (Eds.), Myology (1st ed., pp. 309-341). McGraw-Hill.
• On the classification of intrafusal motor endings.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., & Stacey, M. (1985). On the classification of intrafusal motor endings. In I. Boyd & M. Gladden (Eds.), The muscle spindle (pp. 69-74). Macmillan.
• Structural aspects of fusimotor effects on spindle sensitivity.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., & Stacey, M. (1981). Structural aspects of fusimotor effects on spindle sensitivity. In A. Taylor & A. Prochazka (Eds.), Muscle receptors and movement (pp. 5-16). Macmillan.

Conference Paper

• Development of fluorescent and biotinylated agonists for a novel glutamate receptor in mechanosensory terminals.
  
  Watson, S., Zanato, C., Dall’Angello, S., Banks, R., Greig, I., Zanda, M., & Bewick, G. (2013). Development of fluorescent and biotinylated agonists for a novel glutamate receptor in mechanosensory terminals. In Proceedings of the IUPS.
• Pharmacological profile of non-canonical mGluR regulating mechanosensory nerve terminal firing.
  
  Watson, S., Zanato, C., Dall’Angello, S., Banks, R., Greig, I., Zanda, M., & Bewick, G. (2012). Pharmacological profile of non-canonical mGluR regulating mechanosensory nerve terminal firing. In Proceedings of the Pjysiological Society. Pjysiological Society.
• Assessment of myelin thickness and axon circularity in a dorsal root of the mouse.
  
  Durbaba, R., Rudd, D., Hulliger, M., & Banks, R. (2012). Assessment of myelin thickness and axon circularity in a dorsal root of the mouse. In Proceedings of the Physiological Society. Physiological Society.
• An ex vivo preparation of mouse pinna for recording afferent responses from guard hair follicles of hairy skin.
  
  Banks, R., Cahusac, P., Watson, S., & Bewick, G. (2012). An ex vivo preparation of mouse pinna for recording afferent responses from guard hair follicles of hairy skin. In Proceedings of the Physiological Society. Physiological Society.
• A role for glutamate in regulating mechanosensory sensitivity: Further evidence from rat muscle spindle primary afferent terminals.
  
  Simon, A., Banks, R., & Bewick, G. (2010). A role for glutamate in regulating mechanosensory sensitivity: Further evidence from rat muscle spindle primary afferent terminals. In Proceedings of the Physiological Society. Physiological Society.
• Comparison of gadolinium and FM1-43 as blockers of stretch-evoked firing of rat muscle spindle afferents.
  
  Watson, S., Aryiku, C., Banks, R., & Bewick, G. (2010). Comparison of gadolinium and FM1-43 as blockers of stretch-evoked firing of rat muscle spindle afferents. In Proceedings of the Physiological Society. Physiological Society.
• Whirlin function in proprioceptive mechanotransduction.
  
  de Nooij, J., Simon, A., Doobar, S., Steel, K., Banks, R., Bewick, G., & Jessell, T. (2010). Whirlin function in proprioceptive mechanotransduction. In Proceedings of the Physiological Society. Physiological Society.
• In lanceolate endings of rat hair follicles the small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel SK3 is found mainly in glial cells.
  
  Shenton, F., Banks, R., & Bewick, G. (2010). In lanceolate endings of rat hair follicles the small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel SK3 is found mainly in glial cells. In Proceedings of the Physiological Society.
• Modulation of afferent excitability and reflex responses by phospholipase D-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors in the peripheral terminals of rat arterial baroreceptors.
  
  Paton, J., Banks, R., & Bewick, G. (2010). Modulation of afferent excitability and reflex responses by phospholipase D-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors in the peripheral terminals of rat arterial baroreceptors. In Proceedings of the Physiological Society. Physiological Society.
• Glutamatergic modulation of synaptic-like vesicle recycling in primary mechanosensory nerve terminals.
  
  Graca, A., Singh, P., Simon, A., Banks, R., & Bewick, G. (2010). Glutamatergic modulation of synaptic-like vesicle recycling in primary mechanosensory nerve terminals. In 2010 Neuroscience Meeting Planner. Society for Neuroscience.
• The role of synaptic-like vesicles in control of mechanosensation in peripheral nerve terminals.
  
  Bewick, G., & Banks, R. (2010). The role of synaptic-like vesicles in control of mechanosensation in peripheral nerve terminals. In Proceedings of the Physiological Society. Physiological Society.
• Synapsin I/II knock out disrupts mechanosensory terminal firing and motor behaviour.
  
  Simon, A., Njå, A., Walaas, I., Banks, R., & Bewick, G. (2010). Synapsin I/II knock out disrupts mechanosensory terminal firing and motor behaviour. In 2010 Neuroscience Meeting Planner. Society for Neuroscience.
• KCa channels regulate stretch-evoked afferent firing from muscle spindles.
  
  Simon, A., Banks, R., & Bewick, G. (2009). KCa channels regulate stretch-evoked afferent firing from muscle spindles. In Proceedings of the Physiological Society. Physiological Society.
• Stretch-activated rat muscle spindle afferent discharge is inhibited by ENaC and TRP channel modulators.
  
  Simon, A., Banks, R., & Bewick, G. (2009). Stretch-activated rat muscle spindle afferent discharge is inhibited by ENaC and TRP channel modulators. In 2009 Neuroscience Meeting Planner: Society for Neuroscience, 2009: Online..
• Glutamatergic modulation of vesicle turnover in primary mechanosensory endings
  
  Singh, P., Simon, A., Banks, R., & Bewick, G. (2009). Glutamatergic modulation of vesicle turnover in primary mechanosensory endings. In Proceedings of the Physiological Society. Physiological Society.
• P/Q type calcium and K(Ca) channel blockers increase afferent discharge from mechanosensory terminals.
  
  Simon, A., Banks, R., & Bewick, G. (2009). P/Q type calcium and K(Ca) channel blockers increase afferent discharge from mechanosensory terminals. In British Neurosci. Assoc. Abstr..
• Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of ENaC subunits in the sensory endings of rat muscle spindles.
  
  Shenton, F., Bewick, G., & Banks, R. (2009). Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of ENaC subunits in the sensory endings of rat muscle spindles. In 2009 Neuroscience Meeting Planner: Society for Neuroscience, 2009: Online..
• Immunogold labelling for glutamate in lanceolate endings of rat hairs.
  
  Shenton, F., Wollner, H., Bewick, G., & Banks, R. (2009). Immunogold labelling for glutamate in lanceolate endings of rat hairs. In Proceedings of the Physiological Society. Physiological Society.
• P/Q type Ca2+ channels and KCa channels regulate afferent discharge frequency in spindle mechanosensory terminals.
  
  Banks, R., Simon, A., Rowe, I., & Bewick, G. (2009). P/Q type Ca2+ channels and KCa channels regulate afferent discharge frequency in spindle mechanosensory terminals. In 2009 Neuroscience Meeting Planner: Society for Neuroscience, 2009: Online..
• The relation between motor deficit and proprioceptive loss after large-fibre deafferentation by pyridoxine.
  
  Hulliger, M., & Banks, R. (2004). The relation between motor deficit and proprioceptive loss after large-fibre deafferentation by pyridoxine. Presented at 34th Annual Meeting, San Diego.
• The Ia afferent of the muscle spindle as an example in the study of pacemaker interactions in branched myelinated axons, both model and real.
  
  Banks, R., Hulliger, M., Otten, E., & Scheepstra, K. (1993). The Ia afferent of the muscle spindle as an example in the study of pacemaker interactions in branched myelinated axons, both model and real. In Proceedings of the XXXIInd Congress of the IUPS. IUPS.
• Pectoral asymmetry in the broiler chicken.
  
  Sabbagh, R., Banks, R., & Evans, P. (1991). Pectoral asymmetry in the broiler chicken. Presented at 23rd Poultry Science Symposium, Edinburgh.
• Sensory reinnervation of cat muscle spindles after nerve section.
  
  Stacey, M., Banks, R., & Barker, D. (1986). Sensory reinnervation of cat muscle spindles after nerve section. In Proceedings of the International Union of Physiological Sciences.. IUPS.

Journal Article

• A role for proprioceptors in sngception
  
  Lee, C.-H., Lin, J.-H., Lin, S.-H., Chang, C.-T., Wu, Y.-W., Bewick, G., Banks, R. W., Gründer, S., Hochgeschwender, U., & Chen, C.-C. (2025). A role for proprioceptors in sngception. Science Advances, 11(5), Article eabc5219. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc5219
• The evolution of muscle spindles
  
  Banks, R. W., & Proske, U. (2024). The evolution of muscle spindles. Experimental Physiology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092264
• Biophysical model of muscle spindle encoding
  
  Housley, S. N., Powers, R. K., Nardelli, P., Lee, S., Blum, K., Bewick, G. S., Banks, R. W., & Cope, T. C. (2024). Biophysical model of muscle spindle encoding. Experimental Physiology, 109(1), 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1113/ep091099
• There and back again: 50 years of wandering through terra incognita fusorum
  
  Banks, R. W. (2024). There and back again: 50 years of wandering through terra incognita fusorum. Experimental Physiology, 109(1), 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1113/ep090760
• The atypical ‘hippocampal’ glutamate receptor coupled to phospholipase D that controls stretch‐sensitivity in primary mechanosensory nerve endings is homomeric purely metabotropic GluK2
  
  Thompson, K. J., Watson, S., Zanato, C., Dall’Angelo, S., De Nooij, J. C., Pace‐Bonello, B., Shenton, F. C., Sanger, H. E., Heinz, B. A., Broad, L. M., Grosjean, N., McQuillian, J. R., Dubini, M., Pyner, S., Greig, I., Zanda, M., Bleakman, D., Banks, R. W., & Bewick, G. S. (2024). The atypical ‘hippocampal’ glutamate receptor coupled to phospholipase D that controls stretch‐sensitivity in primary mechanosensory nerve endings is homomeric purely metabotropic GluK2. Experimental Physiology, 109(1), 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1113/ep090761
• Development of abnormalities at the neuromuscular junction in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS: dysfunction then disruption of postsynaptic structure precede overt motor symptoms
  
  McIntosh, J., Mekrouda, I., Dashti, M., Giuraniuc, C. V., Banks, R. W., Miles, G. B., & Bewick, G. S. (2023). Development of abnormalities at the neuromuscular junction in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS: dysfunction then disruption of postsynaptic structure precede overt motor symptoms. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 16, Article 1169075. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2023.1169075
• Molecular characterization of the intact mouse muscle spindle using a multi-omics approach
  
  Heinemann-Yerushalmi, L., Bornstein, B., Krief, S., Adler, R., Dassa, B., Leshkowitz, D., Kim, M., Bewick, G., Banks, R. W., & Zelzer, E. (2023). Molecular characterization of the intact mouse muscle spindle using a multi-omics approach. ELife, 12, Article e81843. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.81843
• The association between muscle architecture and muscle spindle abundance
  
  Kissane, R. W., Charles, J. P., Banks, R. W., & Bates, K. T. (2023). The association between muscle architecture and muscle spindle abundance. Scientific Reports, 13, Article 2830. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30044-w
• Skeletal muscle function underpins muscle spindle abundance
  
  Kissane, R. W., Charles, J. P., Banks, R. W., & Bates, K. T. (2022). Skeletal muscle function underpins muscle spindle abundance. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289(1976). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0622
• Mechanotransduction channels in proprioceptive sensory nerve terminals: still an open question?
  
  Bewick, G. S., & Banks, R. W. (2021). Mechanotransduction channels in proprioceptive sensory nerve terminals: still an open question?. Current Opinion in Physiology., 20, 90-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2020.11.007
• New functions for the proprioceptive system in skeletal biology
  
  Blecher, R., Heinemann-Yerushalmi, L., Assaraf, E., Konstantin, N., Chapman, J. R., Cope, T. C., Bewick, G. S., Banks, R. W., & Zelzer, E. (2018). New functions for the proprioceptive system in skeletal biology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1759), Article 20170327. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0327
• Evidence for the involvement of ASIC3 in sensory mechanotransduction in proprioceptors
  
  Lin, S.-H., Cheng, Y.-R., Banks, R. W., Min, M.-Y., Bewick, G. S., & Chen, C.-C. (2016). Evidence for the involvement of ASIC3 in sensory mechanotransduction in proprioceptors. Nature Communications, 7, Article 11460. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11460
• Combined Recording of Mechanically Stimulated Afferent Output and Nerve Terminal Labelling in Mouse Hair Follicle Lanceolate Endings
  
  Bewick, G., Cahusac, P., & Banks, R. (2016). Combined Recording of Mechanically Stimulated Afferent Output and Nerve Terminal Labelling in Mouse Hair Follicle Lanceolate Endings. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 111, Article e53854. https://doi.org/10.3791/53854
• The innervation of the muscle spindle: a personal history
  
  Banks, R. W. (2015). The innervation of the muscle spindle: a personal history. Journal of Anatomy, 227(2), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12297
• Modelling the mechanoreceptor’s dynamic behaviour
  
  Song, Z., Banks, R. W., & Bewick, G. S. (2015). Modelling the mechanoreceptor’s dynamic behaviour. Journal of Anatomy, 227(2), 243-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12328
• The PDZ-domain protein whirlin facilitates mechanosensory signaling in mammalian proprioceptors
  
  de Nooij, J. C., Simon, C. M., Simon, A., Doobar, S., Steel, K. P., Banks, R. W., Mentis, G. Z., Bewick, G. S., & Jessell, T. M. (2015). The PDZ-domain protein whirlin facilitates mechanosensory signaling in mammalian proprioceptors. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(7), 3073-3084. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3699-14.2015
• Mechanotransduction in the muscle spindle
  
  Bewick, G. S., & Banks, R. W. (2015). Mechanotransduction in the muscle spindle. Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, 467(1), 175-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-014-1536-9
• A study of the expression of small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK1-3) in sensory endings of muscle spindles and lanceolate endings of hair follicles in the rat
  
  Shenton, F., Bewick, G., & Banks, R. (2014). A study of the expression of small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK1-3) in sensory endings of muscle spindles and lanceolate endings of hair follicles in the rat. PLoS ONE, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107073
• Analyses of muscle spindles in the soleus of six inbred mouse strains
  
  Lionikas, A., Smith, C. J., Smith, T. L., Bünger, L., Banks, R. W., & Bewick, G. S. (2013). Analyses of muscle spindles in the soleus of six inbred mouse strains. Journal of Anatomy, 223(3), 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12076
• Glutamatergic modulation of synaptic-like vesicle recycling in mechanosensory lanceolate nerve terminals of mammalian hair follicles
  
  Banks, R. W., Cahusac, P. M., Graca, A., Kain, N., Shenton, F., Singh, P., Nj°a, A., Simon, A., Watson, S., Slater, C. R., & Bewick, G. S. (2013). Glutamatergic modulation of synaptic-like vesicle recycling in mechanosensory lanceolate nerve terminals of mammalian hair follicles. Journal of Physiology, 591(10), 2523-2540. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.243659
• Amiloride-sensitive channels are a major contributor to mechanotransduction in mammalian muscle spindles.
  
  Simon, A., Shenton, F., Hunter, I., Banks, R. W., & Bewick, G. S. (2010). Amiloride-sensitive channels are a major contributor to mechanotransduction in mammalian muscle spindles. Journal of Physiology, 588(1), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.182683
• A comparative analysis of the encapsulated end-organs of mammalian skeletal muscles and of their sensory nerve endings.
  
  Banks, R., Hulliger, M., Saed, H., & Stacey, M. (2009). A comparative analysis of the encapsulated end-organs of mammalian skeletal muscles and of their sensory nerve endings. Journal of Anatomy, 214(6), 859-887. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01072.x
• A method for the study of the effects of combining multiple pseudorandom fusimotor stimulation on the responses of muscle-spindle primary-ending afferents.
  
  Hulliger, M., & Banks, R. W. (2009). A method for the study of the effects of combining multiple pseudorandom fusimotor stimulation on the responses of muscle-spindle primary-ending afferents. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 178(1), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.12.002
• Comment on “Two enigmas in proprioception: Abundance and location of muscle spindles” by T. Kokkorogiannis.
  
  Banks, R. (2008). Comment on “Two enigmas in proprioception: Abundance and locationof muscle spindles” by T. Kokkorogiannis. Brain Research Bulletin, 75, 504-506.
• Attenuation of stretch-activated discharge of rat muscle spindle afferents by ENaC channel inhibitors.
  
  Simon, A., Banks, R., & Bewick, G. (2008). Attenuation of stretch-activated discharge of rat muscle spindle afferents by ENaC channel inhibitors. Proceedings of the Physiological Society, 10.
• The relation between motor deficit and proprioceptiveloss after large-fibre sensory neuropathy
  
  Hulliger, M., & Banks, R. (2006). The relation between motor deficit and proprioceptiveloss after large-fibre sensory neuropathy. Gait and Posture, 21.
• An allometric analysis of the number of muscle spindles in mammalian skeletal muscles
  
  Banks, R. (2006). An allometric analysis of the number of muscle spindles in mammalian skeletal muscles. Journal of Anatomy, 208(6), 753-768. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00558.x
• Autogenic modulation of mechanoreceptor excitability by glutamate release from synaptic-like vesicles: evidence from the rat muscle spindle primary sensory ending
  
  Bewick, G. S., Reid, B., Richardson, C., & Banks, R. W. (2005). Autogenic modulation of mechanoreceptor excitability by glutamate release from synaptic-like vesicles: evidence from the rat muscle spindle primary sensory ending. Journal of Physiology, 562(2), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.074799
• Glutamate-enhanced muscle spindle excitability – inhibition by PLD-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists.
  
  Bewick, G., Duncan, R., Eddie, W., Maguire, C., & Banks, R. (2004). Glutamate-enhanced muscle spindle excitability – inhibition by PLD-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Journal of Physiology, 557P.
• The effects of deafferentation on gait in the cat: sensorimotor syndrome and recovery.
  
  Hulliger, M., Bishop, G., Tyson, R., Sutherland, G., & Banks, R. (2000). The effects of deafferentation on gait in the cat: sensorimotor syndrome and recovery. Journal of Physiology, 525, 8-9S.
• Immunocytochemical demonstration of glutamate in the sensory terminals of rat muscle spindles
  
  Banks, R., Richardson, C., & Bewick, G. (2000). Immunocytochemical demonstration of glutamate in the sensory terminals of rat muscle spindles. Journal of Physiology, 528.
• Investigating the role of small clear vesicles in vertebrate mechanosensory endings using rat muscle spindles.
  
  Bewick, G. S., Reid, B., & Banks, R. W. (2000). Investigating the role of small clear vesicles in vertebrate mechanosensory endings using rat muscle spindles. Journal of Physiology, 528, 62-63P.
• Cross-correlation analysis of the effects of combining multiple pseudo-random fusimotor inputs on the responses of muscle-spindle primary afferents in peroneus tertius of the anaesthetized cat
  
  Banks, R., & Hulliger, M. (2000). Cross-correlation analysis of the effects of combining multiple pseudo-random fusimotor inputs on the responses of muscle-spindle primary afferents in peroneus tertius of the anaesthetized cat. Journal of Physiology, 527P.
• Testing the classification of static  axons using different patterns of random stimulation.
  
  Petit, J., Banks, R., & Laporte, Y. (1999). Testing the classification of static  axons using different patterns of random stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 81, 2823-2832.
• Correlated histological and physiological observations on a case of common sensory output and motor input of the bag1 fibre and a chain fibre in a cat tenuissimus spindle.
  
  Banks, R., Hulliger, M., & Scheepstra, K. (1998). Correlated histological and physiological observations on a case of common sensory output and motor input of the bag1 fibre and a chain fibre in a cat tenuissimus spindle. Journal of Anatomy, 193, 373-381. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19330373.x
• Histological evidence for multiple, occlusive encoding sites in cat tendon organs.
  
  Banks, R. (1998). Histological evidence for multiple, occlusive encoding sites in cat tendon organs. Journal of Anatomy, 192(3). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19230447.x
• On the number of spindles in mammalian muscles.
  
  Banks, R. (1998). On the number of spindles in mammalian muscles. Journal of Physiology, 511.
• Pacemaker activity in a sensory ending with multiple encoding sites: the cat muscle-spindle primary ending.
  
  Banks, R., Hulliger, M., Scheepstra, K., & Otten, E. (1997). Pacemaker activity in a sensory ending with multiple encoding sites: the cat muscle-spindle primary ending. Journal of Physiology, 498, 177-199. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1997.sp021850
• A method for the study of the effects of combining multiple pseudorandom fusimotor inputs on the responses of muscle-spindle primary endings in peroneus tertius of the anaesthetized cat.
  
  Hulliger, M., Banks, R., & Gemmill, J. (1996). A method for the study of the effects of combining multiple pseudorandom fusimotor inputs on the responses of muscle-spindle primary endings in peroneus tertius of the anaesthetized cat. Journal of Physiology, 494.
• Characteristic properties of superficial lumbrical spindles in the cat hind limb, related to their bag1 fibres.
  
  Banks, R., & Emonet-Denand, F. (1996). Characteristic properties of superficial lumbrical spindles in the cat hind limb, related to their bag1 fibres. Journal of Anatomy, 189, 65-71.
• The distribution of calretinin in muscle receptors of the cat.
  
  Eltarhouni, A., & Banks, R. (1995). The distribution of calretinin in muscle receptors of the cat. Journal of Physiology, 487.
• Intrafusal motor innervation: a quantitative histological analysis of tenuissimus muscle spindles in the cat.
  
  Banks, R. (1994). Intrafusal motor innervation: a quantitative histological analysis of tenuissimus muscle spindles in the cat. Journal of Anatomy, 185, 151-172.
• The motor innervation of mammalian muscle spindles.
  
  Banks, R. (1994). The motor innervation of mammalian muscle spindles. Progress in Neurobiology., 43, 323-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0082%2894%2990059-0
• Comparison of muscle-receptor recovery after nerve repairs using neural and non-neural grafts of two lengths.
  
  Barker, D., Banks, R., & Berry, R. (1993). Comparison of muscle-receptor recovery after nerve repairs using neural and non-neural grafts of two lengths. Neuro-Orthopedics, 14, 57-66.
• A quantitative histological analysis of the intrafusal motor innervation of the cat tenuissimus muscle.
  
  Banks, R. (1991). A quantitative histological analysis of the intrafusal motor innervation of the cat tenuissimus muscle. Journal of Physiology, 438.
• The distribution of static gamma axons in the tenuissimus muscle of the cat.
  
  Banks, R. (1991). The distribution of static gamma axons in the tenuissimus muscle of the cat. Journal of Physiology, 442, 489-512. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018805
• A quantitative analysis of the sensory innervation of cat tenuissimus muscle spindles.
  
  Banks, R., & Stacey, M. (1990). A quantitative analysis of the sensory innervation of cat tenuissimus muscle spindles. Journal of Physiology, 429.
• Ultrastructural observations on native and foreign reinnervation of muscle spindles in relation to mechanosensory function in the anaesthetized cat.
  
  Adal, M., & Banks, R. (1990). Ultrastructural observations on native and foreign reinnervation of muscle spindles in relation to mechanosensory function in the anaesthetized cat. Journal of Physiology, 420.
• Specificities of afferents reinnervating cat muscle spindles after nerve section.
  
  Banks, R., & Barker, D. (1989). Specificities of afferents reinnervating cat muscle spindles after nerve section. Journal of Physiology, 408, 345-372. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017463
• On the motor innervation of cat tenuissimus muscle spindles.
  
  Banks, R. (1988). On the motor innervation of cat tenuissimus muscle spindles. Journal of Physiology, 406.
• Innervation of muscle spindles in rat deep masseter.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., Saed, H., & Stacey, M. (1988). Innervation of muscle spindles in rat deep masseter. Journal of Physiology, 406.
• Responses to small-amplitude sinusoidal stretching of cat peroneus brevis muscle spindles reinnervated after nerve section.
  
  Banks, R. (1987). Responses to small-amplitude sinusoidal stretching of cat peroneus brevis muscle spindles reinnervated after nerve section. Journal of Physiology, 391.
• Regenerated sensory innervation of muscle receptors following nerve section.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., & Stacey, M. (1986). Regenerated sensory innervation of muscle receptors following nerve section. Neuroscience Letters, 26.
• Responses of cat muscle spindles reinnervated by afferents formerly terminating in tendon organs.
  
  Banks, R., & Barker, D. (1986). Responses of cat muscle spindles reinnervated by afferents formerly terminating in tendon organs. Journal of Physiology, 372.
• Observations on the primary sensory ending of tenuissimus muscle spindles in the cat.
  
  Banks, R. (1986). Observations on the primary sensory ending of tenuissimus muscle spindles in the cat. Cell and Tissue Research, 246, 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00215893
• Form and classification of motor endings in mammalian muscle spindles.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., & Stacey, M. (1985). Form and classification of motor endings in mammalian muscle spindles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 225, 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1985.0058
• Sensory reinnervation of muscles following nerve section and suture in cats.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., & Brown, H. (1985). Sensory reinnervation of muscles following nerve section and suture in cats. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume), 10-B, 340-344.
• Reinnervation of cat muscle spindles by foreign afferents after nerve section.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., & Stacey, M. (1984). Reinnervation of cat muscle spindles by foreign afferents after nerve section. Journal of Physiology, 357.
• On the attachment of elastic fibres in cat tenuissimus muscle sspindles.
  
  Banks, R. (1984). On the attachment of elastic fibres in cat tenuissimus muscle sspindles. Journal of Physiology, 348.
• Recovery of cat hindlimb muscle afferents following nerve section.
  
  Banks, R., & Barker, D. (1983). Recovery of cat hindlimb muscle afferents following nerve section. Journal of Physiology, 345(Supplement). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp015001
• A morphometric study of intrafusal motor endings in the cat.
  
  Banks, R. (1983). A morphometric study of intrafusal motor endings in the cat. Journal of Physiology, 341, 15-16P.
• Form and distribution of sensory terminals in cat hind-limb muscle spindles.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., & Stacey, M. (1982). Form and distribution of sensory terminals in cat hind-limb muscle spindles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 299, 329-364. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1982.0136
• The number and distribution of satellite cells of intrafusal muscle fibres in a muscle spindle of the cat.
  
  Banks, R. (1981). The number and distribution of satellite cells of intrafusal muscle fibres in a muscle spindle of the cat. Journal of Anatomy, 133(4), 694-694.
• Responses of de-efferented muscle spindles of peroneus brevis and tertius muscles in the cat
  
  Banks, R., Ellaway., P., & Scott, J. (1981). Responses of de-efferented muscle spindles of peroneus brevis and tertius muscles in the cat. Journal of Physiology, 310.
• A histological study of the motor innervation of the cat's muscle spindle.
  
  Banks, R. (1981). A histological study of the motor innervation of the cat’s muscle spindle. Journal of Anatomy, 133, 571-591.
• On the form of the Z-disk in skeletal muscle of the rat.
  
  Banks, R. (1981). On the form of the Z-disk in skeletal muscle of the rat. Journal of Anatomy, 133, 157-159.
• Sensory innervation of cat hind-limb muscle spindles.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., & Stacey, M. (1979). Sensory innervation of cat hind-limb muscle spindles. Journal of Physiology, 293, 40-41P.
• Reflex responses of pools of gastrocnemius lateralis gamma-motoneurones elicited by ipsilateral sural nerve stimulation in the cat.
  
  Banks, R., Bessou, P., Joffroy, M., & Pages, B. (1979). Reflex responses of pools of gastrocnemius lateralis gamma-motoneurones elicited by ipsilateral sural nerve stimulation in the cat. Journal of Physiology, 296.
• Histological analysis of cat muscle spindles following direct observation of the effects of stimulating dynamic and static motor axons.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., Bessou, P., Pages, B., & Stacey, M. (1978). Histological analysis of cat muscle spindles following direct observation of the effects of stimulating dynamic and static motor axons. Journal of Physiology, 283, 605-619. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012522
• A possible role for placental lysosomes in the formation of villous syncitiotrophoblast.
  
  Contractor, S., Banks, R., Jones, C., & Fox, H. (1977). A possible role for placental lysosomes in the formation of villous syncitiotrophoblast. Cell and Tissue Research, 178, 411-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00218704
• Intrafusal branching and distribution of primary and secondary afferents.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., & Stacey, M. (1977). Intrafusal branching and distribution of primary and secondary afferents. Journal of Physiology, 272, 66-67P.
• A study of mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres using a combined histochemical and ultrastructural technique.
  
  Banks, R., Harker, D., & Stacey, M. (1977). A study of mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres using a combined histochemical and ultrastructural technique. Journal of Anatomy, 123, 783-796.
• Studies of the histochemistry, ultrastructure, motor innervation and regeneration of mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres.
  
  Barker, D., Banks, R., Harker, D., Stacey, M., & Milburn, A. (1976). Studies of the histochemistry, ultrastructure, motor innervation and regeneration of mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres. Progress in Brain Research, 44, 66-88.
• Serial-section analysis of cat muscle spindles following observations of the effects of stimulating dynamic fusimotor axons.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., Bessou, P., Pages, B., & Stacey, M. (1976). Serial-section analysis of cat muscle spindles following observations of the effects of stimulating dynamic fusimotor axons. Journal of Physiology, 263, 180-181P.
• Rabbit intrafusal muscle fibres.
  
  Banks, R., & james, N. (1975). Rabbit intrafusal muscle fibres. Journal of Anatomy, 119.
• Quantitative studies on the distribution of myofilaments in intrafusal muscle fibres.
  
  Banks, R., & James, N. (1975). Quantitative studies on the distribution of myofilaments in intrafusal muscle fibres. Cell and Tissue Research, 150, 521-527.
• Correlation between ultrastructure and histochemistry of mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres.
  
  Banks, R., Barker, D., Harker, D., & Stacey, M. (1975). Correlation between ultrastructure and histochemistry of mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres. Journal of Physiology, 252, 16-17P.
• The fine structure of the guinea-pig muscle spindle.
  
  Banks, R., & James, N. (1973). The fine structure of the guinea-pig muscle spindle. Cell and Tissue Research, 140, 357-368. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00307023
• The blood supply of rabbit muscle spindles.
  
  Banks, R., & James, N. (1973). The blood supply of rabbit muscle spindles. Journal of Anatomy, 114, 7-12.
• Histochemical studies on rabbit intrafusal fibres.
  
  Banks, R. (1971). Histochemical studies on rabbit intrafusal fibres. Journal of Anatomy, 108, 613-614.
• The fine structure of the guinea-pig muscle spindle.
  
  Banks, R., & James, N. (1971). The fine structure of the guinea-pig muscle spindle. Journal of Anatomy, 110, 161-162.

Other (Print)

• Optical Monitoring of Living Nerve Terminal Labeling in Hair Follicle Lanceolate Endings of the Ex Vivo Mouse Ear Skin
  
  Bewick, G., & Banks, R. (2016). Optical Monitoring of Living Nerve Terminal Labeling in Hair Follicle Lanceolate Endings of the Ex Vivo MouseEar Skin. Journal of Visualized Experiments.
• “Sensible to feeling as to sight”: some recent progress on mechanosensory transduction in mammals.
  
  Bewick, G., & Banks, B. (2010). “Sensible to feeling as to sight”: some recent progress on mechanosensory transduction in mammals (pp. 33-37). Physiology News.