New research has revealed the hidden cultural histories of modern populations of fallow deer, dating back to the Neolithic period, which should be factored into decisions around their management and conservation.
Research, undertaken in partnership with University of Exeter, combined genetic data with archaeological and historical records to build a picture of how fallow deer have been translocated by people through history.
Using several hundred DNA samples extracted from both modern and archaeological deer specimens around the world – including the oldest sample so far sequenced from the UK at 130,000 years old – the team generated an evolutionary history ‘tree’ for the animal.
The work revealed that fallow deer have been repeatedly moved to new territories by humans, often as a symbol of colonial power or because of ancient cultures and religions.
The results show that the animal was first introduced into Britain by the Romans and not the Normans, as previously believed.
British colonial links during the 17th-19th centuries also played a key role in spreading the deer around the world, including the Caribbean island of Barbuda, where fallow deer are the national animal.
The animal’s strong association with Greco-Roman goddesses Artemis and Diana, for example, would have driven much of its movements around the Mediterranean during the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman period.
These findings give new insight into origins and the spread of fallow deer.
The team argue that this repeated translocation, largely as symbols of cultural power means that, today, fallow deer challenge the limitations of conservation and environmental labels of animals as ‘domestic’, ‘wild’ ‘endangered’ and ‘invasive’.
This has implications for conservation policy, which is often based on contemporary understanding of an animal’s status, such as how and when it was introduced.
While many species may legitimately be labelled as invasive, this research shows that this is not true of all translocated populations. Instead, some are critically entangled with human history and might offer valuable cultural heritage or a conservation resource.
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Luke Saddler
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