Staff profile

Responsibilities within department

Research Assosciate CFAI

Teaching activity

Level 4 Optics teaching, Adaptive Optics Postgraduate Lectures

Research interests

Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics

Conference Paper

• Distortion of visible daytime multi-conjugate adaptive optics control
  
  Kongkaew, P., Morris, T. J., & Osborn, J. (2024). Distortion of visible daytime multi-conjugate adaptive optics control. In D. Schmidt, E. Vernet, & K. J. Jackson (Eds.), Proceedings Volume 13097, Adaptive Optics Systems IX. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3019648
• HARMONI at ELT: project status and instrument overview
  
  Thatte, N. A., Melotte, D., Neichel, B., Le Mignant, D., Rees, P., Clarke, F., Ferraro-Wood, V., Gonzalez, O., Jones, M., Álvarez Urueña, A., Vilaseca, H., Arribas Mocoroa, S., Caballero, J. A., Carracedo Carballal, G. J., Estrada Piqueras, A., Ferro, I., García García, M., Lamperti, I., Pereira Santaella, M., … York, A. (2024). HARMONI at ELT: project status and instrument overview (J. R. Vernet, J. J. Bryant, & K. Motohara, Eds.). SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3018520
• WIVERN: a laboratory experiment for testing novel laser-based wavefront sensing techniques
  
  Bharmal, N. A., Bramall, D., Calcines Rosario, A. Z., Morris, T. J., Schmoll, J., & Staykov, L. (2022). WIVERN: a laboratory experiment for testing novel laser-based wavefront sensing techniques. In L. Schreiber, D. Schmidt, & E. Vernet (Eds.), Proceedings Volume 12185, Adaptive Optics Systems VIII; SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2629888
• Phase A AO system design and performance for MOSAIC at the ELT
  
  Morris, T., Basden, A., Calcines-Rosario, A., Dohlen, K., Dubbeldam, C., El Hadi, K., Fitzsimons, E., Fusco, T., Gendron, Éric, Hammer, F., Jagourel, P., Jenkins, D., Morel, C., Morris, S., Rousset, G., Townson, M., Vola, P., & Younger, E. (2018). Phase A AO system design and performance for MOSAIC at the ELT. In L. M. Close, L. Schreiber, & D. Schmidt (Eds.), Proceedings Volume 10703, Adaptive Optics Systems VI. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313562
• MOSAIC optical relay module: optical design, performance, and flexure analysis
  
  Calcines, A., Dubbeldam, M., Morris, T. J., Fitzsimons, E., Schnetler, H., Cohen, M., & Amans, J.-P. (2018). MOSAIC optical relay module: optical design, performance, and flexure analysis. In C. J. Evans, L. Simard, & H. Takami (Eds.), Proceedings Volume 10702, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313481
• Opto-mechanical designs for the HARMONI adaptive optics systems
  
  Dohlen, K., Morris, T., Piqueras Lopez, J., Calcines-Rosario, A., Costille, A., Dubbeldam, M., El Hadi, K., Fusco, T., Llored, M., Neichel, B., Pascal, S., Sauvage, J.-F., Vola, P., Clarke, F., Schnetler, H., Bryson, I., & Thatte, N. (2018). Opto-mechanical designs for the HARMONI adaptive optics systems. In L. M. Close, L. Schreiber, & D. Schmidt (Eds.), Proceedings Volume 10703, Adaptive Optics Systems VI. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313651
• Preliminary optical design of an Active Optics test bench for space applications
  
  Calcines, A., Bitenc, U., Rolt, S., Reeves, S., Doelman, N., Human, J., Morris, T., Myers, R., & Talbot, G. (2017, March). Preliminary optical design of an Active Optics test bench for space applications. Presented at XII Scientific Meeting of the Spanish Astronomical Society, Bilbao, Spain.
• Preliminary on-sky results of the CANARY experiment with an ELT-elongated sodium LGS
  
  Bardou, L., Gendron, E., Rousset, G., Gratadour, D., Basden, A. G., Bonaccini, D., Buey, T., Centrone, M., Chemla, F., Lombardi, G., Marchetti, E., Morris, T. J., Myers, R. M., Osborn, J., Townson, M. J., Vidal, F., & Reyes Garcia-Talavera, M. (2017). Preliminary on-sky results of the CANARY experiment with an ELT-elongated sodium LGS. In Proceedings of the Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes 5 (AO4ELT5) : Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, June 25-30, 2017.. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. https://doi.org/10.26698/ao4elt5.0126
• Photometry and Spectrum measurements of the Laser Guide Star beam emission at Observatorio del Roque de Los Muchachos with the Gran Telescope Canarias
  
  Lombardi, G., Calia, B., Centrone, M., Talavera, M. R. G., Morris, T., Pfrommer, T., Basden, A., Vidal, F., Gendron, E., Rousset, G., Mayers, R., Osborn, J., Reeves, A., Talbot, R., Townson, M., Lavers, A. C., & Postigoh, A. de U. (2017). Photometry and Spectrum measurements of the Laser Guide Star beam emission at Observatorio del Roque de Los Muchachos with the Gran Telescope Canarias. In Proceedings of the Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes 5 (AO4ELT5) : Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, June 25-30, 2017. (pp. 1-7). Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. https://doi.org/10.26698/ao4elt5.0045
• CHOUGH: implementation and performance of a high-order 4m AO demonstrator
  
  Bharmal, N. A., Basden, A. G., Bourgenot, C. J., Black, M., Dubbeldam, C. M., Henry, D. M., Hölck-Santibanez, D., Morris, T. J., Robertson, D. J., Schmoll, J., Talbot, R. G., Younger, E. J., & Myers, R. M. (2016). CHOUGH: implementation and performance of a high-order 4m AO demonstrator. In E. Marchetti, L. M. Close, & J.-P. Véran (Eds.), Adaptive Optics Systems V (pp. 990948-990948-7). SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2231721
• Science requirements and trade-offs for the MOSAIC instrument for the European ELT
  
  Evans, C., Puech, M., Rodrigues, M., Barbuy, B., Cuby, J., Dalton, G., Fitzsimons, E., Hammer, F., Jagourel, P., Kaper, L., Morris, S., & Morris, T. (2016). Science requirements and trade-offs for the MOSAIC instrument for the European ELT. In C. J. Evans, L. Simard, & H. Takami (Eds.), Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI (p. 99089J-99089J-12). SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2231675
• The E-ELT first light spectrograph HARMONI: capabilities and modes
  
  Thatte, N. A., Clarke, F., Bryson, I., Shnetler, H., Tecza, M., Fusco, T., Bacon, R. M., Richard, J., Mediavilla, E., Neichel, B., Arribas, S., Garcia-Lorenzo, B., Remillieux, A., El Madi, K., Herreros, J. M., Melotte, D., O’Brien, K., Tosh, I. A., Vernet, J., … Evans, C. J. (2016). The E-ELT first light spectrograph HARMONI: capabilities and modes. In L. Simard, H. Takami, & C. J. Evans (Eds.), Proceedings Volume 9908, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2230629
• HIRES: the high resolution spectrograph for the E-ELT
  
  Zerbi, F., Bouchy, F., Fynbo, J., Maiolino, R., Piskunov, N., Rebolo Lopez, R., Santos, N., Strassmeier, K., Udry, S., Vanzi, L., Riva, M., Basden, A., Boisse, I., Bonfils, X., Buscher, D., Cabral, A., Dimarcantonio, P., Di Varano, I., Henry, D., … Zoccali, M. (2014). HIRES: the high resolution spectrograph for the E-ELT. In Ground-based and airborne instrumentation for astronomy V: 22-26 June 2014, Montréal, Canada. Proceedings of SPIE, volume 9147. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2055329
• Daytime site characterisation of La Palma, and its relation to night-time conditions
  
  Townson, M., Kellerer, A., Osborn, J., Butterley, T., Morris, T., & Wilson, R. (2014). Daytime site characterisation of La Palma, and its relation to night-time conditions. In K. . R. Suzanne, I. S. McLean, & H. Takami (Eds.), Ground-based and airborne instrumentation for astronomy V.. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2056451
• Acceleration of AO simulation using programmable logic
  
  Basden, A., Wilson, R., Assemat, F., Bharmal, N., Butterley, T., Geng, D., Goodsell, S., Harrison, M., Morris, T., Myers, R., & Saunter, C. (2006). Acceleration of AO simulation using programmable logic. In B. . L. Ellerbroek & D. . B. Calia (Eds.), Advances in Adaptive Optics Ii, Prs 1-3 (pp. U1085-U1095). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.669944

Journal Article

• Laboratory demonstration of single-camera PPPP wavefront sensing using neural networks
  
  Gonzalez-Gutierrez, C., Bharmal, N. A., Rodriguez-Muro, J., Buendia-Roca, A., Yang, H., Fitzpatrick, L. W., Morris, T. J., & de Cos Juez, F. J. (2024). Laboratory demonstration of single-camera PPPP wavefront sensing using neural networks. International Journal of Optomechatronics, 18(1), Article 2386985. https://doi.org/10.1080/15599612.2024.2386985
• Adaptive optics telemetry standard: Design and specification of a novel data exchange format
  
  Gomes, T., Correia, C. M., Bardou, L., Cetre, S., Kolb, J., Kulcsár, C., Leroux, F., Morris, T., Morujão, N., Neichel, B., Beuzit, J.-L., & Garcia, P. (2024). Adaptive optics telemetry standard: Design and specification of a novel data exchange format. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 686, Article A7. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202348486
• First stellar photons for an integrated optics discrete beam combiner at the William Herschel Telescope
  
  Nayak, A. S., Labadie, L., Sharma, T. K., Piacentini, S., Corrielli, G., Osellame, R., Gendron, Éric, Buey, J.-T. M., Chemla, F., Cohen, M., Bharmal, N. A., Bardou, L. F., Staykov, L., Osborn, J., Morris, T. J., Pedretti, E., Dinkelaker, A. N., Madhav, K. V., & Roth, M. M. (2021). First stellar photons for an integrated optics discrete beam combiner at the William Herschel Telescope. Applied Optics, 60(19), Article D129. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.423881
• Global tip-tilt and high-order aberration correction with plenoptic wavefront sensors in closed-loop AO systems
  
  Zhang, Z., Morris, T., Bharmal, N., & Liang, Y. (2021). Global tip-tilt and high-order aberration correction with plenoptic wavefront sensors in closed-loop AO systems. Applied Optics, 60(14), 4208-4216. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.420729
• On-sky results for the integrated microlens ring tip-tilt sensor
  
  Hottinger, P., Harris, R. J., Crass, J., Dietrich, P.-I., Blaicher, M., Bechter, A., Sands, B., Morris, T., Basden, A. G., Bharmal, N. A., Heidt, J., Anagnos, T., Neureuther, P. L., Glück, M., Power, J., Pott, J.-U., Koos, C., Sawodny, O., & Quirrenbach, A. (2021). On-sky results for the integrated microlens ring tip-tilt sensor. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 38(9). https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.421459
• Limitations imposed by optical turbulence profile structure and evolution on tomographic reconstruction for the ELT
  
  Farley, O., Osborn, J., Morris, T., Fusco, T., Neichel, B., Correia, C., & Wilson, R. (2020). Limitations imposed by optical turbulence profile structure and evolution on tomographic reconstruction for the ELT. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 494(2), 2773-2784. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa795
• Automated wind velocity profiling from adaptive optics telemetry
  
  Laidlaw, D. J., Osborn, J., Morris, T. J., Basden, A. G., Gendron, E., Rousset, G., Townson, M. J., & Wilson, R. W. (2020). Automated wind velocity profiling from adaptive optics telemetry. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 491(1), 1287-1294. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3062
• Experience with Artificial Neural Networks Applied in Multi-object Adaptive Optics
  
  Suárez Gómez, S. L., González-Gutiérrez, C., Alonso, E. D., Santos, J. D., Rodríguez, M. L. S., Morris, T., Osborn, J., Basden, A., Bonavera, L., González, J. G.-N., & de Cos Juez, F. J. (2019). Experience with Artificial Neural Networks Applied in Multi-object Adaptive Optics. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 131(1004), Article 108012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ab1ebb
• Identifying optical turbulence profiles for realistic tomographic error in adaptive optics
  
  Farley, O., Osborn, J., Morris, T., Fusco, T., Neichel, B., Correia, C., & Wilson, R. (2019). Identifying optical turbulence profiles for realistic tomographic error in adaptive optics. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 488(1), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1669
• Efficient implementation of pseudo open loop control for adaptive optics on Extremely Large Telescopes
  
  Basden, A., Jenkins, D., Morris, T., Osborn, J., & Townson, M. (2019). Efficient implementation of pseudo open loop control for adaptive optics on Extremely Large Telescopes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 486(2), 1774-1780. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz918
• Representative optical turbulence profiles for ESO Paranal by hierarchical clustering
  
  Farley, O., Osborn, J., Morris, T., Sarazin, M., Butterley, T., Townson, M., Jia, P., & Wilson, R. (2018). Representative optical turbulence profiles for ESO Paranal by hierarchical clustering. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 481(3), 4030-4037. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2536
• Optimizing the accuracy and efficiency of optical turbulence profiling using adaptive optics telemetry for extremely large telescopes
  
  Laidlaw, D. J., Osborn, J., Morris, T. J., Basden, A. G., Beltramo-Martin, O., Butterley, T., Gendron, E., Reeves, A. P., Rousset, G., Townson, M. J., & Wilson, R. W. (2018). Optimizing the accuracy and efficiency of optical turbulence profiling using adaptive optics telemetry for extremely large telescopes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 483(4), 4341-4353. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3285
• Compact, modular and in-plane AOSLO for high-resolution retinal imaging
  
  Young, L. K., Morris, T. J., Saunter, C. D., & Smithson, H. E. (2018). Compact, modular and in-plane AOSLO for high-resolution retinal imaging. Biomedical Optics Express, 9(9), 4275-4293. https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.9.004275
• Centroid error compensation method for a star tracker under complex dynamic conditions
  
  Tan, W., Qin, S., Myers, R., Morris, T., Jiang, G., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Ma, L., & Dai, D. (2017). Centroid error compensation method for a star tracker under complex dynamic conditions. Optics Express, 25(26), 33559-33574. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.033559
• Recording fixational eye movements with a new AOSLO: simulation, measurement and evaluation
  
  Young, L. K., Hauperich, A. K., Morris, T. J., Saunter, C. D., & Smithson, H. E. (2017). Recording fixational eye movements with a new AOSLO: simulation, measurement and evaluation. Journal of Vision, 17(7). https://doi.org/10.1167/17.7.34
• Efficient photonic reformatting of celestial light for diffraction-limited spectroscopy
  
  MacLachlan, D., Harris, R., Gris-Sánchez, I., Morris, T., Choudhury, D., Gendron, E., Basden, A., Spaleniak, I., Arriola, A., Birks, T., Allington-Smith, J., & Thomson, R. (2017). Efficient photonic reformatting of celestial light for diffraction-limited spectroscopy. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 464(4), 4950-4957. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2558
• Turbulence velocity profiling for high sensitivity and vertical-resolution atmospheric characterization with Stereo-SCIDAR
  
  Osborn, J., Butterley, T., Townson, M., Reeves, A., Morris, T., & Wilson, R. (2017). Turbulence velocity profiling for high sensitivity and vertical-resolution atmospheric characterization with Stereo-SCIDAR. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 464(4), 3998-4007. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2685
• Wave-front error breakdown in laser guide star multi-object adaptive optics validated on-sky by CANARY
  
  Martin, O., Gendron, É, Rousset, G., Gratadour, D., Vidal, F., Morris, T., Basden, A., Myers, R., Correia, C., & Henry, D. (2017). Wave-front error breakdown in laser guide star multi-object adaptive optics validated on-sky by CANARY. Astronomy and Astrophysics., 598, Article A37. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629271
• Monte-Carlo modelling of multi-object adaptive optics performance on the European Extremely Large Telescope
  
  Basden, A., & Morris, T. (2016). Monte-Carlo modelling of multi-object adaptive optics performance on the European Extremely Large Telescope. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 463(4), 4184-4193. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2306
• Experience with wavefront sensor and deformable mirror interfaces for wide-field adaptive optics systems
  
  Basden, A., Atkinson, D., Bharmal, N., Bitenc, U., Brangier, M., Buey, T., Butterley, T., Cano, D., Chemla, F., Clark, P., Cohen, M., Conan, J.-M., de Cos, F., Dickson, C., Dipper, N., Dunlop, C., Feautrier, P., Fusco, T., Gach, J., … Younger, E. (2016). Experience with wavefront sensor and deformable mirror interfaces for wide-field adaptive optics systems. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 459(2), 1350-1359. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw730
• A tomographic algorithm to determine tip-tilt information from laser guide stars
  
  Reeves, A., Morris, T., Myers, R., Bharmal, N., & Osborn, J. (2016). A tomographic algorithm to determine tip-tilt information from laser guide stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 459(1), 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw622
• Photonic spatial reformatting of stellar light for diffraction-limited spectroscopy
  
  Harris, R., MacLachlan, D., Choudhury, D., Morris, T., Gendron, E., Basden, A., Brown, G., Allington-Smith, J., & Thomson, R. (2015). Photonic spatial reformatting of stellar light for diffraction-limited spectroscopy. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 450(1), 428-434. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv410
• Sensitivity improvements for Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors using total variation minimization
  
  Basden, A., Morris, T., Gratadour, D., & Gendron, E. (2015). Sensitivity improvements for Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors using total variation minimization. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 449(4), 3537-3542. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv617
• On-sky tests of the CuReD and HWR fast wavefront reconstruction algorithms with CANARY
  
  Bitenc, U., Basden, A., Bharmal, N., Morris, T., Dipper, N., Gendron, E., Vidal, F., Gratadour, D., Rousset, G., & Myers, R. (2015). On-sky tests of the CuReD and HWR fast wavefront reconstruction algorithms with CANARY. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 448(2), 1199-1205. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv003
• Characterising daytime atmospheric conditions on La Palma
  
  Townson, M., Kellerer, A., Osborn, J., Butterley, T., Morris, T., & Wilson, R. (2015). Characterising daytime atmospheric conditions on La Palma. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 595, Article 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/595/1/012035
• Retrieving tip-tilt information from Tomographic Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics Systems
  
  Reeves, A., Myers, R., Morris, T., Osborn, J., & Bharmal, N. A. (2015). Retrieving tip-tilt information from Tomographic Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics Systems. Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes 4 – Conference Proceedings, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.20353/k3t4cp1131633
• Wide-field adaptive optics performance in cosmological deep fields for multi-object spectroscopy with the European Extremely Large Telescope
  
  Basden, A., Evans, C., & Morris, T. (2014). Wide-field adaptive optics performance in cosmological deep fields for multi-object spectroscopy with the European Extremely Large Telescope. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 445(4), 4008-4014. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2022
• Characterization of a Commercial, Front-Illuminated Interline Transfer CCD Camera for use as a Guide Camera on a Balloon-Borne Telescope
  
  Clark, P., Massey, R., Chang, H., Galloway, M., Israel, H., Jones, L., Li, L., Mandic, M., Morris, T., Netterfield, C., Peacock, J., Sharples, R., & Susca, S. (2014). Characterization of a Commercial, Front-Illuminated Interline Transfer CCD Camera for use as a Guide Camera on a Balloon-Borne Telescope. Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation, 3(2), Article 1440003. https://doi.org/10.1142/s2251171714400030
• Analysis of on-sky MOAO performance of CANARY using natural guide stars
  
  Vidal, F., Gendron, E., Rousset, G., Morris, T., Basden, A., Myers, R., Brangier, M., Chemla, F., Dipper, N., Gratadour, D., Henry, D., Hubert, Z., Longmore, A., Martin, O., Talbot, G., & Younger, E. (2014). Analysis of on-sky MOAO performance of CANARY using natural guide stars. Astronomy and Astrophysics., 569, Article A16. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322991
• Open loop tomography with artificial neural networks on CANARY: on-sky results
  
  Osborn, J., Guzman, D., De Cos Juez, F., Basden, A., Morris, T., Gendron, E., Butterley, T., Myers, R., Guesalaga, A., Sanchez Lasheras, F., Gomez Victoria, M., Sánchez Rodríguez, M., Gratadour, D., & Rousset, G. (2014). Open loop tomography with artificial neural networks on CANARY: on-sky results. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 441(3), 2508-2514. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu758
• Stereo-SCIDAR: optical turbulence profiling with high sensitivity using a modified SCIDAR instrument
  
  Shepherd, H., Osborn, J., Wilson, R., Butterley, T., Avila, R., Dhillon, V., & Morris, T. (2014). Stereo-SCIDAR: optical turbulence profiling with high sensitivity using a modified SCIDAR instrument. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 437(4), 3568-3577. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt2150
• Monte-Carlo simulation of ELT scale multi-object adaptive optics deformable mirror requirements and tolerances
  
  Basden, A., Bharmal, N., Myers, R., Morris, S., & Morris, T. (2013). Monte-Carlo simulation of ELT scale multi-object adaptive optics deformable mirror requirements and tolerances. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 435(2), 992-998. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1302
• WIde-field adaptive optics correction using a single rotating laser guide star
  
  Morris, T., & Myers, R. (2006). WIde-field adaptive optics correction using a single rotating laser guide star. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 370(4), 1783-1789. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10588.x
• A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor projected on to the sky with reduced focal anisoplanatism
  
  Butterley, T., Love, G., Wilson, R., Myers, R., & Morris, T. (2006). A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor projected on to the sky with reduced focal anisoplanatism. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 368(2), 837-843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10160.x