Staff profile

• Shadow Education
• Education and Social justice
• Educational Policy Evaluation
• Secondary data

• 2024: Castle Rewards:
• 2023: Pemberton Academic Award:

Conference Paper

• Does Shadow Education Complement Formal Education Fairly and Effectively? Findings from TIMMS 2019
  Cao, G. (2024, July). Does Shadow Education Complement Formal Education Fairly and Effectively? Findings from TIMMS 2019. Paper presented at XVIII World Council of Comparative Education Societies, Cornell University
• Does Shadow Education Complement Formal Education Fairly and Effectively? Findings from TIMMS 2019
  Cao, G. (2025, April). Does Shadow Education Complement Formal Education Fairly and Effectively? Findings from TIMMS 2019. Paper presented at American Educational Research Association, Online
• Global Evidence on the Relationship Between Shadow Education and Academic Achievement
  Cao, G. (2024, July). Global Evidence on the Relationship Between Shadow Education and Academic Achievement. Paper presented at Imagining Better Education, Durham University
• Assessing the role of shadow education in students’ academic performance in China
  Cao, G. (2023, March). Assessing the role of shadow education in students’ academic performance in China. Paper presented at Education in the Digital Era: Opportunities and Challenges in 2023
• Does shadow education boost academic attainment? Findings from TIMMS 2019.
  Cao, G. (2024, September). Does shadow education boost academic attainment? Findings from TIMMS 2019. Paper presented at BERA WERA Conference 2024, University of Manchester
• Does Shadow Education Boost Academic Attainment?
  Cao, G. (2024, April). Does Shadow Education Boost Academic Attainment?. Paper presented at A hopeful and ambitious education, University of Warwick

Journal Article

• Reassessing Urban-Rural Education Disparities: Evidence from England
  Cao, G., & Huo, G. (online). Reassessing Urban-Rural Education Disparities: Evidence from England. Educational Studies, https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2025.2478831
• Analysis of linkage fluctuation in time series data of nickel futures price index
  Chen, X., Huo, G., & Cao, G. (2023). Analysis of linkage fluctuation in time series data of nickel futures price index. Journal of Business Economics & Management, 24(4), 712-731. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2023.20191