Staff profile

• Shadow Education
• Education and Social justice
• Educational Policy Evaluation
• Secondary data

• 2024: Castle Rewards:
• 2023: Pemberton Academic Award:

Conference Paper

• Does Shadow Education Complement Formal Education Fairly and Effectively? Findings from TIMMS 2019
  
  Cao, G. (2025, April 23 – 2025, April 27). Does Shadow Education Complement Formal Education Fairly and Effectively? Findings from TIMMS 2019 [Conference paper]. Presented at American Educational Research Association, Online.
• Does shadow education boost academic attainment? Findings from TIMMS 2019.
  
  Cao, G. (2024, September 8 – 2024, September 12). Does shadow education boost academic attainment? Findings from TIMMS 2019 [Conference paper]. Presented at BERA WERA Conference 2024, University of Manchester.
• Does Shadow Education Complement Formal Education Fairly and Effectively? Findings from TIMMS 2019
  
  Cao, G. (2024, July 22 – 2024, July 26). Does Shadow Education Complement Formal Education Fairly and Effectively? Findings from TIMMS 2019 [Conference paper]. Presented at XVIII World Council of Comparative Education Societies, Cornell University.
• Global Evidence on the Relationship Between Shadow Education and Academic Achievement
  
  Cao, G. (2024, July 9). Global Evidence on the Relationship Between Shadow Education and Academic Achievement [Conference paper]. Presented at Imagining Better Education, Durham University.
• Does Shadow Education Boost Academic Attainment?
  
  Cao, G. (2024, April 26 – 2024, April 27). Does Shadow Education Boost Academic Attainment? [Conference paper]. Presented at A hopeful and ambitious education, University of Warwick.
• Assessing the role of shadow education in students’ academic performance in China
  
  Cao, G. (2023, March 26 – 2023, October 27). Assessing the role of shadow education in students’ academic performance in China [Conference paper]. Presented at Education in the Digital Era: Opportunities and Challenges in 2023.

Journal Article

• Reassessing Urban-Rural Education Disparities: Evidence from England
  
  Cao, G., & Huo, G. (2025). Reassessing Urban-Rural Education Disparities: Evidence from England. Educational Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2025.2478831
• Analysis of linkage fluctuation in time series data of nickel futures price index
  
  Chen, X., Huo, G., & Cao, G. (2023). Analysis of linkage fluctuation in time series data of nickel futures price index. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 24(4), 712-731. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2023.20191