Dr Jake Brooker and Professor Zanna Clay of our Department of Psychology share their new research on the social role sex plays in bonobo and chimpanzee groups.
Doug was the leader of his chimpanzee group. He had quickly gained a reputation from human observers as a fair and tolerant alpha male. One day he was separated from the group for some health checkups along with a young, confident male, Vis, and Vis’s ally, Zsabu.
We couldn’t see what was happening from our vantage point, but you could hear it. Screaming and banging. Something was kicking off. Doug had been ambushed by the two males and had to be released hastily by the keepers.
When he emerged he wasn’t badly injured, but was clearly distressed – this giant male was screaming, crouching and outnumbered. In our months of observation, we’d never seen him like this.
Little Jones, a low-ranking male often picked on by his peers, approached him and started making submissive gestures. Doug rushed over to mount him for a few moments, with the weaker chimp crouching down as Doug thrusted on top of him.
That seemed to be a green light for many of the 40 or so chimps in the group to offer comfort and reassurance to Doug, too. It was an extraordinary sight.
Most of the group approached Doug, embracing, touching and body kissing him. There was also mutual genital touching and several invited Doug to mount them. This kind of extreme consolation is rare in chimp communities, reserved for very special circumstances.
People often think that animals just use sex for reproduction. In fact, for many animals and birds, sex can play a comparable social role to what it plays in humans. As we saw in this research into the chimps at the Chimfunshi sanctuary in north-western Zambia, sex can help ease tension, relieve stress, strengthen bonds and even repair relationships.
We spent months observing the chimpanzees at Chimfunshi, living in simple concrete bungalows near to their large, forested enclosures. We spent nearly all day every day observing them, living vicariously through their soap opera.
You get the privilege of coming to know each and every chimp, almost like a person – the way they walk, look and sound. Even the silhouettes of their bodies as they walk away in semi-darkness as the light of the day falls.
We compared their sexual behaviour with a group of bonobos slightly over 1,000 miles away at the Lola Ya Bonobo sanctuary, near Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Chimps and bonobos are humans’ closest relatives, having diverged from us between 5 and 7 million years ago. They still share around 98.7% of our DNA and offer us fascinating insights into what we may have been like before we became human.
Researchers used to use chimps as the poster boys of human evolution, while ignoring our less understood yet equally important other cousin. More recently, though, researchers have become more interested in bonobos, as well as comparing the two species together.
Like humans, both chimpanzees and bonobos have rich and complex social lives. In both species we see striking variations in different groups’ use of tools, cultures, social tendencies, and even the amount they engage in conflict.
That said, there are fascinating differences between the two species. Bonobo groups are overseen by coalitions of dominant females and their sons, whereas the chimp hierarchy is usually structured around an alpha male and his male cronies.
Bonobos are generally viewed as peaceful and tolerant, while chimps have drawn the short straw in public relations, often depicted as violent, competitive, even murderous.
Some of these differences have become contested, however. For instance, some bonobo groups are less tolerant and more aggressive than some chimpanzee groups, while both apes share food peacefully and cooperate.
Chimpanzees can be tolerant and tender with one another; they can help others in need and comfort them in distress. They’ll often release their aggression by charging or making a lot of noise, without necessarily coming to blows.
One characteristic that has continued to be firmly associated with bonobos is their heightened sexuality. Whether in the wild or captivity, they habitually engage in sexual interactions in almost all age and sex combinations.
Sex seems to help them manage social problems, such as repairing social bonds after fights and facilitating cooperation, such as before sharing food.
Yet, against assumptions, our study found that even this difference is not what it appears. When directly comparing the two species in similar sanctuary environments, we found chimps also use sex to navigate tense social situations, as we saw with Doug, and to reconcile after fights.
Both species share similar sexual repertoires, although genito-genital rubbing – moving genitals together rhythmically while in a “missionary” position – is more common in bonobos, especially females.
Chimpanzees, particularly males, often mount and hold the genitals of their allies, especially during conflicts either within their group or with other groups. They often thrust against one another, and these behaviours appear to serve a reassurance and tension-reducing role.
As with bonobos, we see all different sex combinations, sometimes with more dominant chimps doing the mounting but sometimes the other way around. Meanwhile, chimps are more likely to engage in other behaviours such as body kissing.
Evidence that both bonobos and chimpanzees use sex to manage social problems suggests that our last common ancestor would have done so too — and most likely early humans as well.
Our findings challenge the idea that human sexuality is uniquely complex. Far from being a cultural construct, the social role of sex appears to echo through time from our ancestors to our modern societies.
Much like our primate relatives, humans also rely on other strategies beyond sex for conflict resolution, such as verbal and physical reassurance. Yet, sex remains a potent and often overlooked tool in human social dynamics.
And just as the sexual behaviours of bonobos and chimps reflect their social structures, human sexuality is influenced by our societies too. The way we use sex — for intimacy, pleasure, bonding and negotiation — may be one of our most ancient, and flexible traits.
Back in Chimfunshi, Doug wasn’t deposed after his altercation with Vis and Zsabu. The outpouring of intimate affection from the community reinforced his position as leader of the group, which was then cemented by another incident later that day.
The whole community seemed to be quietly eating until Doug and his close male ally Pan suddenly attacked Vis and his mother Violet, the dominant female. They bodyslammed both of them, sending a clear message that the group was not under new management. The violence went no further, and Doug still leads to this day.
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